Des panoramas de gâchis au nom de la mode: biographie mercantile, géographie du parcellement et gaspillage de vêtements à l’amont du consommateur au Cambodge

This paper advances existing research on both the geographies of fashion and the geographies of waste, utilising their shared interests in commodity biography. Empirically, it documents the use of textile waste from export-oriented garment factories in the peri-urban areas of Phnom Penh, Cambodia as fuel for nearby brick-kilns supplying the city’s booming construction sector. Interviews and documentary photography present the forms of living, labour and harm at both the brick-kilns and the garment dump from which the textile waste is sourced. Substantively, the paper argues for the consideration of preconsumer garment waste to complement the dominant preoccupation with postconsumer waste and reuse. Conceptually, the paper argues for geographical biographies of commodity culture that are attentive to things’ material dynamics of becoming, unbecoming and transformation across spaces, sectors and material forms: that is, to their ‘patch geographies’.Este artículo contribuye con la investigación existente sobre las geografías de la moda y las geografías de los residuos, utilizando sus intereses compartidos en la biografía de las materias primas. Empíricamente, documenta el uso de desechos textiles de fábricas de ropa orientadas a la exportación en las áreas periurbanas de Phnom Penh, Camboya, como combustible para los hornos de ladrillos cercanos que abastecen al sector de la construcción en auge de la ciudad. Las entrevistas y la fotografía documental presentan las formas de vida, trabajo y daños tanto en los hornos de ladrillos como en el basurero de donde provienen los desechos textiles. Sustancialmente, el artículo aboga por la consideración del desperdicio de ropa antes de su consumo para complementar la preocupación dominante con el desperdicio y reutilización post-consumo. Conceptualmente, el artículo aboga por biografías geográficas de la cultura de las materias primas que estén atentas a las dinámicas materiales de convertirse, descomponerse y la transformación a través de los espacios, sectores y formas materiales: es decir, a sus ‘geografías parchadas’ (Tsing, Citation2015).Cette communication joint les courants de recherche existant à la fois dans la géographie de la mode et celle du gaspillage, en utilisant leurs intérêts communs dans la biographie mercantile. Du point de vue empirique, elle documente la manière dont les restes de textiles venant des usines de vêtements pour l’exportation qu’on trouve dans les zones périurbaines de Phnom Penh, au Cambodge, sont utilisés comme combustible pour les usines de briques avoisinantes qui approvisionnent le secteur florissant de la construction de la ville. Des entretiens et des photos-documentaires présentent les formes de vie, de travail et de dangers dans les usines de brique et dans la décharge de vêtements d’où viennent les déchets textiles. Du point de vue substantiel, la communication soutient qu’on devrait prendre en compte ce gaspillage textile à l’amont du consommateur en complément de la préoccupation dominante concernant le gaspillage textile et la réutilisation à l’aval du consommateur. Du point de vue conceptuel, elle se prononce en faveur d’une culture géographique de la biographie mercantile qui se concentrerait sur les dynamiques matérielles des choses qui concernent le devenir, le non-devenir et la transformation à travers les espaces, secteurs et formes matérielles: c’est à dire, à leur « géographie du parcellement » (Tsing, Citation2015)

Building Forward Worse: How COVID-19 has accelerated the race to the bottom in the global garment industry

The plight of garment workers worldwide at the onset of the pandemic rallied commitments from industry stakeholders to “Build Back Better”. However, as we show in this report, the challenges faced by workers in Cambodia have deepened, as COVID-19’s own crises have intersected with and exacerbated existing social, economic, and health vulnerabilities

On-edge in the impasse: inhabiting the housing crisis as structure-of-feeling

PLACE/Ladywell is a block of modular and mobile “pop-up” housing, currently occupying a council owned site awaiting redevelopment in Lewisham, South East London. It houses 24 families on the borough's homelessness register. The development has received multiple awards, been highly praised in the media, and cited by the Greater London Authority as prototypical of pop-up housing as a ‘solution' to London's housing crisis. Yet amidst the widespread excitement around PLACE/Ladywell, experiences of urban precarity persist for the families living there. In this paper we examine how resident experiences of being ‘on-edge' are defined both by personal crises as they await permanent rehousing, by job losses, evictions and school moves, as well as by anxieties relating to the housing crisis as a wider structure of feeling, including fear after the Grenfell Tower fire and anxieties about gentrification. In doing so, we offer a timely conceptualisation of how experiences of urban precarity persist and mutate in a political moment defined by a growing sense of urgency around finding solutions to the housing crisis

Ideal hierarchical secret sharing schemes

Hierarchical secret sharing is among the most natural generalizations of threshold secret sharing, and it has attracted a lot of attention from the invention of secret sharing until nowadays. Several constructions of ideal hierarchical secret sharing schemes have been proposed, but it was not known what access structures admit such a scheme. We solve this problem by providing a natural definition for the family of the hierarchical access structures and, more importantly, by presenting a complete characterization of the ideal hierarchical access structures, that is, the ones admitting an ideal secret sharing scheme. Our characterization deals with the properties of the hierarchically minimal sets of the access structure, which are the minimal qualified sets whose participants are in the lowest possible levels in the hierarchy. By using our characterization, it can be efficiently checked whether any given hierarchical access structure that is defined by its hierarchically minimal sets is ideal. We use the well known connection between ideal secret sharing and matroids and, in particular, the fact that every ideal access structure is a matroid port. In addition, we use recent results on ideal multipartite access structures and the connection between multipartite matroids and integer polymatroids. We prove that every ideal hierarchical access structure is the port of a representable matroid and, more specifically, we prove that every ideal structure in this family admits ideal linear secret sharing schemes over fields of all characteristics. In addition, methods to construct such ideal schemes can be derived from the results in this paper and the aforementioned ones on ideal multipartite secret sharing. Finally, we use our results to find a new proof for the characterization of the ideal weighted threshold access structures that is simpler than the existing one.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The combinatorics of generalised cumulative arrays.

In this paper we present a combinatorial analysis of generalised cumulative arrays. These are structures that are associated with a monotone collections of subsets of a base set and have properties that find application in areas of information security. We propose a number of basic measures of efficiency of a generalised cumulative array and then study fundamental bounds on their parameters. We then look at a number of construction techniques and show that the problem of finding good generalised cumulative arrays is closely related to the problem of finding boolean expressions with special properties

A conformal boundary for space-times based on light-like geodesics: the 3-dimensional case

A new causal boundary, which we will term the l-boundary, inspired by the geometry of the space of light rays and invariant by conformal diffeomorphisms for space-times of any dimension m ≥ 3, proposed by one of the authors [R. J. Low, The Space of Null Geodesics (and a New Causal Boundary), Lecture Notes in Physics 692 (Springer, 2006), pp. 35-50] is analyzed in detail for space-times of dimension 3. Under some natural assumptions, it is shown that the completed space-time becomes a smooth manifold with boundary and its relation with Geroch-Kronheimer-Penrose causal boundary is discussed.Anumber of examples illustrating the properties of this newcausal boundary as well as a discussion on the obtained results will be provided

Combinatorial Bounds and Characterizations of Splitting Authentication Codes

We present several generalizations of results for splitting authentication codes by studying the aspect of multi-fold security. As the two primary results, we prove a combinatorial lower bound on the number of encoding rules and a combinatorial characterization of optimal splitting authentication codes that are multi-fold secure against spoofing attacks. The characterization is based on a new type of combinatorial designs, which we introduce and for which basic necessary conditions are given regarding their existence.Comment: 13 pages; to appear in "Cryptography and Communications

Time evolution and observables in constrained systems

The discussion is limited to first-class parametrized systems, where the definition of time evolution and observables is not trivial, and to finite dimensional systems in order that technicalities do not obscure the conceptual framework. The existence of reasonable true, or physical, degrees of freedom is rigorously defined and called {\em local reducibility}. A proof is given that any locally reducible system admits a complete set of perennials. For locally reducible systems, the most general construction of time evolution in the Schroedinger and Heisenberg form that uses only geometry of the phase space is described. The time shifts are not required to be 1symmetries. A relation between perennials and observables of the Schroedinger or Heisenberg type results: such observables can be identified with certain classes of perennials and the structure of the classes depends on the time evolution. The time evolution between two non-global transversal surfaces is studied. The problem is posed and solved within the framework of the ordinary quantum mechanics. The resulting non-unitarity is different from that known in the field theory (Hawking effect): state norms need not be preserved so that the system can be lost during the evolution of this kind.Comment: 31 pages, Latex fil

Fast multi-computations with integer similarity strategy

Abstract. Multi-computations in finite groups, such as multiexponentiations and multi-scalar multiplications, are very important in ElGamallike public key cryptosystems. Algorithms to improve multi-computations can be classified into two main categories: precomputing methods and recoding methods. The first one uses a table to store the precomputed values, and the second one finds a better binary signed-digit (BSD) representation. In this article, we propose a new integer similarity strategy for multi-computations. The proposed strategy can aid with precomputing methods or recoding methods to further improve the performance of multi-computations. Based on the integer similarity strategy, we propose two efficient algorithms to improve the performance for BSD sparse forms. The performance factor can be improved from 1.556 to 1.444 and to 1.407, respectively