A simple thermodynamical witness showing universality of macroscopic entanglement

We show that if the ground state entanglement exceeds the total entropy of a given system, then this system is in an entangled state. This is a universal entanglement witness that applies to any physical system and yields a temperature below which we are certain to find some entanglement. Our witness is then applied to generic bosonic and fermionic many body systems to derive the corresponding "critical" temperatures that have a very broad validity.Comment: 3 pages, Torun conference, June 25-28, 200

Magnetic structure of antiferromagnetic NdRhIn5

The magnetic structure of antiferromagnetic NdRhIn5 has been determined using neutron diffraction. It has a commensurate antiferromagnetic structure with a magnetic wave vector (1/2,0,1/2) below T_N = 11K. The staggered Nd moment at 1.6K is 2.6mu_B aligned along the c-axis. We find the magnetic structure to be closely related to that of its cubic parent compound NdIn3 below 4.6K. The enhanced T_N and the absence of additional transitions below T_N for NdRhIn5 are interpreted in terms of an improved matching of the crystalline-electric-field (CEF), magnetocrystalline, and exchange interaction anisotropies. In comparison, the role of these competing anisotropies on the magnetic properties of the structurally related compound CeRhIn5 is discussed.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Na7Mg13Nd(PO4)12

Investigations of the quasi-ternary system Na3PO4–Mg3(PO4)2–NdPO4 allowed us to obtain the new phosphate hepta­sodium trideca­magnesium neodymium dodeca­kis­phosphate, Na7Mg13Nd(PO4)12, by applying a flux method. The crystal structure is isotypic with that of the previously reported Na7Mg13 Ln(PO4)12 (Ln = Eu, La) compounds. It consists of a complex three-dimensional framework built up from an NdO8 polyhedron (m symmetry), an MO6 octa­hedron statistically occupied by M = Mg and Na, and eight MgOx (x = 5, 6) polyhedra (four with site symmetry m), linked either directely by sharing corners, edges and faces, or by one of the eight unique PO4 tetra­hedra through common corners. Two of the PO4 tetra­hedra are statisticaly disordered over a mirror plane. The whole structure can be described as resutling from an assembly of two types of structural units, viz [Mg4 MP4O22]∞ 2 layers extending parallel to (100) and stacked along [100], and [Mg4NdP4O36]∞ 1 undulating chains running along the [010] direction. The six different Na+ cations (five with site symmetry m and one with 0.5 occupancy) are situated in six distinct cavities delimited by the framework. The structure was refined from data of a racemic twin

HIV-1 Replication Is Differentially Regulated by Distinct Clinical Strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(MTb), the causative agent of TB, are known to modify the host immune response in a strain-specific manner. However, a MTb strain-specific impact upon the regulation of HIV-1 replication has not previously been established.. Furthermore, we show that the distinct pattern of CDC1551 or HN878 induced HIV-1 replication is associated with significantly increased levels of TNF and IL-6, and of the transcription and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB, by CDC1551 relative to HN878.These results provide a precedent for TB strain-specific effects upon HIV-1 replication and thus for TB strain-specific pathogenesis in the outcome of HIV-1/TB co-infection. MTb strain-specific factors and mechanisms involved in the regulation of HIV-1 during co-infection will be of importance in understanding the basic pathogenesis of HIV-1/TB co-infection