Source characteristics of a moderate earthquake (M 4.9)using empirical Green ’s function technique

The rupture process of a moderate earthquake (M 4.9)on 28th January 1999 was analyzed using velocity records at local distances less than 80 km.The characterization of the rupture process was obtained from studying aftershocks distribution,azimuthal variations of Relative Source Time Functions (RSTFs),and a set of spatio-temporal slip models.RSTFs were retrieved by deconvolution of small aftershock records from those of the mainshock.In addition,velocity P -wave records of the respective event were inverted to recover slip distribution on the fault plane using the records of aftershocks as Empirical Green Functions (EGFs).The waveform inversion was adopted using three EGFs.In the inversion,the rupture propagation velocity was fixed and assumed to be eight-tenths of the local shear wave velocity.The total seismic moment was estimated to range from 0.011 E +18 Nm (Mw =4.6) to 0.017 E +18 Nm (Mw =4.8).The hypocentral distribution of the aftershocks,azimuthal variations of RSTFs, and the set of slip distribution models were exhibited bilateral rupture propagation along the strike and dip of the fault plane.The presence of two to three high slip patches on the fault plane suggested that a complex rupture pattern is detectable for a moderate size earthquake.However,the so-called nucleation phase was invisible in the present analysis

Causative factors of cost overrun in highway projects of Sindh province of Pakistan

Cost overrun is an increase of cost of project from approved budget which was signed by parties at the time of tender. Cost overrun in construction of highway projects is a common problem worldwide and construction industry of Pakistan is also facing this crucial problem of cost overrun in highway projects of Pakistan. The main objective of this research is to identify the causative factors of cost overrun in highway projects of Sindh province of Pakistan. A well designed questionnaire was developed based on 64 common factors of cost overrun from literature review. Developed questionnaire was distributed among selected 30 experts from owner/client, designer/consultant and contractor who have experience more than 20 years’ experience in highway projects. The collected data was statistical analyzed. After analysis results showed that delay process in payment by client, inadequate planning , client interference, poor contract management, delay of decision making, change of scope of project and financial problems faced by client were most causative factors of cost overrun in highway projects. This research will provide alertness to stakeholders of highway projects of Sindh province to avoid cost overrun in projects

Effect of Mycorrhiza and Rhyzobium on Micronutrient Uptake by Soybean at Different Phosphorus Levels in Limed Soil

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and Bradyrhizobium japonicum at different P levels on mycorrhiza effectiveness  Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe contents in soybean plants in limed soil. When the acidic soil was limed, the best phosphorus level for mycorrhizal   effectiveness was a medium level 0.02 mg p L-1. The AMF inoculation significantly increased the effectiveness of mycorrhiza as a function of time between 21 to 45 days after planting .The maximum P value found in plants was 5.55 µg p leaf disk-1 at 33 days after planting, while the lowest value (2.94 µg p leafdisk-1 was recorded at 15 days after planting.Co-inoculation soils with AMF and R. japonicum significantly affected the shoot Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe contents with increasing applied phosphorus. The maximum values recorded for shoot Zn, Mn, Cu and  Fe  was 38.33,  56.0, 9.33 and 175.0 µg g-1 respectively and for AMF inoculation was 77.50 , 46.00 , 12.17 and 151.00 µg g-1 while for Rhizobium inoculation was 46.33,  59.83,  8.67 and 183.83 µg g-1 and for non inoculated 73.83,  42.67, 10.83 and 81.50 µg g-1

Si-penyu: Sistem Pengelolaan Kelautan Berupa Usv Semi-automatic Pendeteksi Minyak dan Ikan

SI-PENYU's system can be used to determine which waters are containing a lot of fish as well as the detection of oil spills. This detection system uses sonar sensors that can send and capture signals from the object, then process it in a minimum system to inform the ground station and the data will be obtained. SI-PENYU's system is semi-automated means that can be automatically or manually controlled. If the system works automatically, it will move through the SI PENYU way point of the coordinate. Automatic addition, this tool can also work manually controlled by a remote controller from the ground station

EFFECT OF GRINDING AND PARTICLE SIZE ON SOME PHYSICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CHITOSAN

The present study was conducted to prepare nano-chitosan particles (CN) by ultrafine grinding  from crude chitosan powder (CC) using a ball mill with 130 numbers of zirconia beads in range from 0.5 to 1.5 mm diameter (75 beads 0.5 mm diameter, 30 beads 1.0 mm diameter and 25 beads 1.5 mm diameter). In addition, physical and rheological properties of chitosan solutions were determined. The results revealed that ultrafine grinding has effectively milled the chitosan particles to nanoscale. Prepared chitosan nanoparticles were characterized by  devices  X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Zetasizer particle sizes and Zeta potential of chitosan particles (after milling for 30, 60 and 90 minutes). The particle size of nano-chitosan was distributed in a range of 250-600 nm. with a polydispersity index use as an anti-oxidant and antimicrobial with reducing the amount used to deliver the desired purpose. Additional research is required to further investigate the potential value-added utilization of these chitosan derivatives in improving the quality and safety of some food products

Stability of Immediately Placed and Delayed Implants Using Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA). A Systematic Review

Objectives: The aim of the present Systematic Review was to compare between immediate and delayed dental implant placement using resonance frequency analysis specifically Implant Stability Quotients (ISQ). Search methods: Search was performed in two databases (PubMed and Cochrane Library) till March 2023. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included and measurements of ISQ at time of placement and time of loading were recorded. We excluded papers discussing bone grafting, orthodontic treatment and implant surface treatment. Results: Results were above ISQ threshold value of 65, with no significant difference between immediate and delayed implants. However, Immediate placement showed shorter treatment time and better esthetic outcome. Conclusion: Implant stability can be achieved with both immediate and delayed implant placement techniques

Mitigation Measures for Gaza Coastal Erosion

Coastal erosion is an ongoing hazard affecting Gaza beach, but is worsening due to a wide range of human activities such as the construction of Gaza fishing harbor in 1994-1998. The net annual alongshore sediment transport is about 190×103 m3, but can vary significantly depending on the severity of winter storms. According to the observed wave heights and directions, the net waves are cross-shore, therefore vast quantities of sediments may transfer to deep sea. The main objective of this study is to mitigate the erosion problem of Gaza coast. Change detection analysis was used to compute the spatial and temporal change of Gaza shoreline between 1972 and 2010. The results show negative rates in general, which means that the erosion was the predominant process. Gaza fishing harbor caused a serious damage to the Beach Camp shoreline. Consequently, several mitigation measures were considered in this study, which are: relocation of Gaza fishing harbor to offshore, groins, detached breakwaters, wide-crested submerged breakwaters and beach nourishment. Several numerical model tests associated with coastal structures are conducted to investigate the influence on morphodynamics. The results show that the relocation of the harbor is the best alternative to stop trapping of the sediments. If for any reason the relocation was not carried out, the wide-crested submerged breakwater alternative is an effective structure for preventing sandy beach erosion. The artificial reef type of submerged breakwaters with beach nourishment is recommended for Gaza beach, because it is an environmentally friendly and improving the ecosystem of marine life

Electrical Laser Alarm System for Controlling the Buckling Failure of 304 Stainless Steel under Shot Peening Treatment

The purpose of this paper is to design and manufacture the electrical laser alarm system to assess the buckling failure of 304 stainless steel column and to estimate the critical buckling load (Pcr) under increasing compressive load without shot peening (WSP) and with shot peening (SP). The evaluation of the critical buckling load (Pcr ) was done experimentally and theoretically for long and intermediate pinned – fixed columns. The experimental results revaled that 25 min. shot peening time (SPT) improved the critical buckling load (Pcr ) by 13.3% - 15.39% improvement percentage (IP) for long columns while 18.51% - 23.07% for intermediates. Also it was observed that reducing the effective length (Leff ) resulting in increasing the effect of 25 min. shot peening time (SPT) and kept constant when effective length (Leff ) larger than 200mm. The difference percentage (DP) obtained from theoretically and experimentally comparison between the critical buckling load (Pcr ) was 33.33 to 41.18 for without shot peening and 23.07 to 33.34 for 25 min. shot peening time (SPT) based on Euler and Johnson theories for both long and intermediate columns. Also it was revaled that increasing the slenderness ratio (S.R) reducing the critical buckling load (Pcr) for both columns and both conditions of testing without shot peening (WSP) and shot peening (SP)