Sprachenpolitik in Europa – Tatsachen und Perspektiven

This paper characterizes the linguistic situation in Europe in the context of the global language situation. It describes the significance of the "Project Nation" for the European national languages. European unification after World War II is examined in terms of its linguistic consequences in a number of linguistically sensitive areas such as the economy and science. The language-political activities of the European Council and the European Union are characterized. A distinct languageconcept is necessary for furthering the linguistic development of Europe – such a language concept should take into account the teleological, the gnoseological and the communitary dimension of language in equal measure. I argue against a pseudo-solution for the language question through the propagation of a "lingua franca" and instead plead for a complex linguistic education concept for Europe, in which multilingualism is regarded and language-politically stated as a cultural and intercultural challenge. Central to this concept is the development of a workable hermeneutics.Keywords: Europe, “Project Nation”, European unification, European Council, European Union, “lingua franca”, multilingualism, interculturalism, hermeneutics, teleological, gnoseological, communicatory dimension of languageSchlüsselbegriffe: Europa, „Projekt Nation“, europäische Vereinigung, Europarat, Europäische Union, „lingua franca“, Mehrsprachigkeit, Interkulturalität, Hermeneutik, teleologische, gnoseologische, kommunitäre Dimension von Sprach

Metabolic engineering of Rhizopus oryzae for the production of platform chemicals

Rhizopus oryzae is a filamentous fungus belonging to the Zygomycetes. It is among others known for its ability to produce the sustainable platform chemicals l-(+)-lactic acid, fumaric acid, and ethanol. During glycolysis, all fermentable carbon sources are metabolized to pyruvate and subsequently distributed over the pathways leading to the formation of these products. These platform chemicals are produced in high yields on a wide range of carbon sources. The yields are in excess of 85 % of the theoretical yield for l-(+)-lactic acid and ethanol and over 65 % for fumaric acid. The study and optimization of the metabolic pathways involved in the production of these compounds requires well-developed metabolic engineering tools and knowledge of the genetic makeup of this organism. This review focuses on the current metabolic engineering techniques available for R. oryzae and their application on the metabolic pathways of the main fermentation products

Pedagogical memory and the space of the postcolonial classroom : reading Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions

This article addresses issues of the mnemonic space of the literature classroom by interrogating a classic text of African women’s writing, Tsitsi Dangaremnga’s Nervous Conditions (1988) for the ways it speaks about education in 1960s and 1970s late-colonial Rhodesia. The article suggests that the novel reviews and critiques a number of memorial strategies that were crucial to the colonial educational system, thereby facilitating a reflexive application of the novel’s concerns to the contexts in which it is often taught, that of today’s postcolonial classrooms. The article seeks to place Dangarembga’s novel in the context of its present moment, contemporary South Africa – that of the present critic’s site of practice, both pedagogical and scholarly, and that of many of this article’s readers. This present moment, in turn, is made up the many sites, successive and simultaneous, in which the novel’s work of memory is being re-activated in the minds of students as readers and writers. Via a dialogue between the textual past and the pedagogical present, one which is often subject to critical amnesia, the article seeks to inaugurate a debate on the nature of pedagogical memory in the space of the postcolonial university or high school literature classroom.http://www.informaworld.com/RSCRhb2013gv201