Total phenolics, tannin contents, antioxidant properties, protein and sensory analysis of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus and Pleurotus djamor cultivated on different sawdusts

In mushroom cultivation, it is important to be aware of the impact of the growing substrate. This study investigated the cultivation of various oyster mushrooms, including Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus citrinopileatus, and Pleurotus djamor, on different types of wood sawdust. Total phenolic content, condensed tannins, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, protein and sensory evaluations were performed in cultivated oyster mushrooms. Wood sawdust of Fagus orientalis (oriental beech), Alnus glutinosa (alder), Castanea sativa (chestnut), and Juglans regia (walnut) were used as substrate for studied mushroom type, separately. Because champignon (Agaricus bisporus) was the most consumed mushroom, it was used as control sample. Methanolic extracts of dried mushrooms were used to measure bioactive characteristics. Pleurotus ostreatus samples cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate had the highest antioxidant activity. The lowest antioxidant activity values were found in Pleurotus djamor cultivated in Juglans regia (walnut) wood sawdust substrate. The highest protein content was measured in Agaricus bisporus as 13,84 %. The other highest protein concentration was found in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated in Alnus glutinosa (alder) sawdust substrate, at 13,75 %. The lowest protein concentration belonged to Pleurotus citrinopileatus cultivated in Fagus orientalis (oriental beech) sawdust substrate as 9,86 %. While Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus had the highest overall appreciation score, Pleurotus citrinopileatus had the lowest. It has been observed that the substrate content has an important impact on chemical and sensory properties of the oyster mushrooms.  This study provides knowledge on the chemical and sensory characteristics of three different Pleurotus mushroom species cultivated on different composts

Microplastic pollution in Turkish aquatic ecosystems: Sources, characteristics, implications, and mitigation strategies

Aquatic environments are one of the final destinations for microplastics. In this review, a combination of systematic and narrative literature review was conducted to identify and summarise advances, gaps, and future directions in microplastic monitoring studies in the Turkish aquatic environment and in inhabiting aquatic organisms. A total of 62 peer-reviewed publications available on Web of Science were considered in the systematic review. Additionally, the current state of microplastic pollution in Turkish aquatic environments which includes marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as aquatic organisms, and sources and characteristics of microplastics were reviewed narratively. Turkiye's position on the global plastic treaty and mitigation practices were also addressed. Although an increase in the number of publications over time was observed, the number and extent of studies carried out in freshwater ecosystems are limited. Strict legislation should be enacted and enforced to tackle plastic pollution in Turkiye. Additionally, nationwide, long-term monitoring studies at sufficiently regular intervals in aquatic environments should be considered

Gümüldür büyük alan mevkiindeki turunçgil bahçelerinin beslenme durumunun incelenmesi

Bu araştırma, İzmir ili Gümüldür Büyük Alan Mevkiindeki turunçgil bahçelerinin beslenme durumunu saptamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada birbirinden 350 metre aralıklarla kuzey-güney ve batı-doğu yönlerinde 6 tane olacak şekilde denizden karaya doğru oluşturulan grid sistemine rastlayan 34 bahçeden profil açılarak farklı derinliklerden alınan 143 adet toprak ve 102 adet yaprak örnekleri alınarak gerekli fiziksel kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır.This investigation was carried out to determine the nutritional status of citrus orchards in Büyük Alan district of Gümüldür in İzmir. A network of 6 N-S and 6 E-W directions with a separation distance of 350 m and yielding 36 grid nodes for sampling is worked out. In each 350 m orcards situated in East-West direction were evaluated as a transect, and totaly 6 transect were formed from sealine to inland. 143 soil and 102 leaf samples were taken from 34 orchards and from each distinct horizon in the profile and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties.Keywords: Citrus, satsuma mandarins nutritional status, Cl-, Na+

Bayındır yöresi zeytinciliğinde bazı bitki besin maddelerinin durumu üzerinde bir ön araştırma

Bu çalışma, Ege Bölgesi Bayındır ilçesinde yaygın olarak yetiştirilen ve tamamına yakın bölümü yağlık olarak değerlendirilen Zeytin bahçelerinin verimliliğini belirlemek ve toprak-bitki ilişkilerini saptamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla 6 adet Zeytin bahçesinden 6 adet toprak ve 18 adet yaprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Toprak örneklerinde pH, % Toplam Tuz, % Kireç, % Organik madde, % Toplam N, Faydalı P (mgkg-1), K(mgkg-1), Ca (mgkg-1), Mg (mgkg-1), Fe (mgkg-1), Cu (mgkg-1), Mn (mgkg-1), Zn (mgkg-1) gibi kimi makro ve mikro elementler saptanmıştır. Yaprak örneklerinde ise, kimi makro ve mikro bitki besin elementlerinden % Total- N, % P, % K, % Ca, % Mg, Fe (mgkg-1), Cu (mgkg-1), Mn (mgkg-1), Zn (mgkg-1), B (mgkg-1) belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma sonucunda, Bayındır ilçesindeki zeytin bahçelerinin yeterli sulanmadığı, yapılan toprak ve yaprak analiz bulgularına göre düzgün gübrelenmediği belirlenmiş ve üreticiler bu bağlamda bilgilendirilmiştir.The study was carried out to investigate the nutrient status of olive groves in Bayindir district of the Ege Region and relations between soil and plant. Bayindir which is known for its olives is a town located in Ege Region and most of its olive is used for oil producing. For this purpose, 6 soil and 18 leaf samples were taken from olive groves and analyzed for their physical and chemical properties such as pH, Total Soluble Salt %, CaCO3 %, Organic matter %, Total-N%, P (mgkg-1), K (mgkg-1), Ca (mgkg-1), Mg (mgkg-1), Fe (mgkg-1), Cu (mgkg-1), Mn (mgkg-1), Zn (mgkg-1) and B (mgkg-1) in soils, Total- N%, P%, K%, Ca%, Mg%, Fe (mgkg-1), Cu (mgkg-1), Mn (mgkg-1), Zn (mgkg-1), B (mgkg-1) in leaves. Results of the study showed that irrigation and fertilization of the olive groves in Bayindir district is insufficient and mismanaged according to the measurements in the soils and plants. Findings are extended to the growers

Protein contents and antioxidant properties of pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on tea and espresso wastes

In this study, Pleurotus ostreatus was cultivated on tea (Camellia sinensis) and espresso wastes. Tea wastes were used in two forms; sterilized or non-sterilized. Then, total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed tannin contents, ferric reducing/antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging were used as antioxidant determinants and also protein content were investigated in these mushrooms’ methanolic extracts. Same measurements were determined in mushrooms’ growing medium except protein content. The highest protein content (20.89%) was found in non-sterilized tea wastes. The highest total phenolic (1.460±0.012 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid (0.120±0.005 mg QE/g), condensed tannin (0.877±0.011 mg CE/g) and the lowest scavenging of free radical activity (17.190±0.001 mg/mL) were determined in sterilized tea wastes. The highest ferric reducing antioxidant power (8.498±0.089 μmolFeSO4.7H2O/g) were determined in espresso wastes. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference between the sterilized and non-sterilized substrates for the total yield and biological efficiencies. In this case, it can be said that the kinds of substrates and their usage forms are very important in terms of energy savings especially does not require sterilization like tea wastes. Consequently, tea and espresso wastes can be used as a beneficial source of substrate material for Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom cultivation

Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Tannin Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Pleurotus ostreatus Cultivated on Different Wastes and Sawdust

In this study, the usage possibilities of some agro-industrial wastes such as; peanut wastes, potatoes farm wastes, walnut and orange tree sawdust in Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation were investigated and total phenolic, flavonoid, condensed  tannin content and antioxidant properties of these methanolic mushroom extracts were examined. For the determination of the total phenolic contents, the Folin-Ciocalteau procedure was used. The content of total flavonoid present in the methanolic extracts was measured using a spectrophotometric assay. Condensed tannins were determined according to the method by Julkunen-Tıtto. The antioxidant capacity was determined using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH. The highest total phenolic content (2.672 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g) was found in mushroom cultivated on walnut sawdust. The highest condensed tannin (1.011 ± 0.088 CE mg/g) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (12.332 ± 0.017 μmol FeSO4.7H2O/g) were observed in the same mushroom extract. The highest total flavonoid and free radical scavenging activity of DPPH were found in extract of mushroom cultivated on potatoes handle. Bioactive properties of P. ostreatus cultivated on walnut tree sawdust were generally exhibited remarkable results