First report of the recently introduced, destructive powdery mildew Erysiphe corylacearum on hazelnut in Turkey

Hazelnut (Corylus avellana) is Turkey’s most valuable agricultural export, and an essential source of income for many families in the Black Sea Region. In spring 2013, hazelnut leaves, fruit clusters and shoots showing powdery mildew infection symptoms different from those observed previously were discovered in Giresun, Ordu and Trabzon provinces of Turkey. The disease has become epidemic throughout all hazelnut production areas spreading from east to west of the Black Sea Region over the subsequent years. Erysiphe corylacearum was identified as the causal agent of this new and highly destructive powdery mildew based on its morphological characteristics and analyses of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. Pathogenicity of this species was examined in an infection test and proven for the first time. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. corylacearum on Corylus avellana worldwide

A Study on The Problems of The Implementation of Project Type Primary Structures

Considered one of the most important tools of development, education increases the efficiency of society by providing opportunities for people according to their skills. (Özbulut, 1999). Through the implementation of Law No. 4306, which was passed on August 18, 1997 in the Official Gazette, an important reform was carried out by increasing the duration of the compulsory education in Turkey from 5 to 8 years. The transition to the new system emphasized the lack of school buildings, which has become problematic due to rapid population growth and the increasing urbanization rate.An intense effort was put into meeting the needs of this system, and, due to the difficulty of producing different projects for each school, time constraints, staff shortage and funding problems, the production of typical project applications which had been discussed for years came more intensely to the fore. The implementation of school building projects through the initiatives of the Ministry of Education and the help of the architecture faculties of various universities, as well as some consulting firms, and their application on different environmental conditions created many problems during construction. Turkish Procurement Law and the attitudes of local governments in this regard are causing significant losses in terms of time and money on applications. In this research study, the typical elementary school projects that have been revised or designed according to the new education system within the Istanbul City boundaries will be studied and an evaluation regarding the emerging issues related to the implementation phase will be explored

Diş hekimliği öğrencilerinde tükenmişlik: Ön çalışma

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of burnout among dental students and its relationship with demographics variables. Material and Methods: Totally 250 students (121 females, 129 males) from Ege University Faculty of Dentistry were included in the study. The age range varied from 19 to 24. Maslach Burnout Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Version and Personal Information Sheet were used to gather data. In the analysis of data collected, depending upon the variety of data gathered frequencies analyses, t- test and Kruskall-Wallis tests for independent groups were performed. Results: The analysis showed that 15 -22 % of students in pre-clinical period and 19 -26 % of students in the clinical period have experienced burnout at medium and high level. The analysis also indicated that burnout significantly differed by gender, order of preference, living with family or not and requesting to change profession for pre-clinical grades, and burnout significantly differed by order of preference, living with family or not and requesting to change profession for clinical grades (p;lt;0.05). Conclusion: The finding of this study indicates that burnout is a common problem among dental stu- dents. Developing interventions program that aimed reducing dental students’ burnout also may be useful in improving the quality of oral health services.Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, tükenmişliğin diş hekimliği öğrencileri arasındaki yaygınlığı ile demog- rafik özellikler arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya Ege Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi’nde öğrenim gören, 19-24 yaş arası (121 kız, 129 erkek olmak üzere) toplam 250 öğrenci katılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama araç- ları olarak Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği, Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği Öğrenci Versiyonu ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz için veri setinin türüne göre; frekans analizi, bağımsız gruplarda t- testi ve Kruskal-Wallis tek yönlü varyans analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Analizler; klinik öncesi sınıflardaki öğrencilerin % 15-22’nin, klinik sınıflardaki öğrenci- lerin ise % 19-26’nın orta ve yüksek düzeyde tükenmişlik yaşadığını göstermiştir. Klinik öncesi sınıflarda tükenmişliğin; cinsiyet, öğrenim gördüğü alanı tercih etme sırası, aileden uzakta yaşama ve öğrenim gö- rülen alanı değiştirme isteğine göre farklılaştığı saptanmıştır (p0.05). Klinik sınıflarda ise tükenmişliğin; öğrenim gördüğü alanı tercih etme sırası, aileden uzakta yaşama ve öğrenim görülen alanı değiştirme isteği değişkenlerine göre farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir (p0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın bulguları, tükenmişliğin diş hekimi adayları arasında yaygın olduğunu gös- termektedir. Diş hekimi adaylarının tükenmişlik düzeylerini düşürmeye yönelik önleyici çalışmaların yapılması; ağız ve diş sağlığı hizmeti kalitesinin geliştirilmesi açısından yararlı olabilir