The evidence of the avant-garde film

The Hungarian neo-avant-garde appeared in such diverse artistic fields as fine art, conceptual and visual literature, happenings, theatre performance and film. For the avant-gardists Tibor Hajas, Miklós Erdély and Tamás Szentjóby, film was both a theoretical and a practical issue. There are films documenting avant-garde activities, and there are films that are truly avant-garde. Thus, the field of film seems to provide a considerable amount of material through which scholarship can evaluate the Hungarian neo-avant-garde. This paper discusses how the evidence of film fits the interpretation of the Hungarian neo-avant-garde as belonging to the “second public”, as part of cultural opposition, and as something forbidden

Die frühe Filmtheorie von Béla Balázs

Béla Balázs‘ Der sichtbare Mensch wurde 1924 publiziert und gilt als das erste systematische theoretische Werk über das Medium Film in deutscher Sprache. Dem Buch wurde daher große Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet und es wurde mehrfach versucht, es im Werk von Balázs zu kontextualisieren. Im Aufsatz Die frühe Filmtheorie von Béla Balázs wird angestrebt, die Anfänge von Balázs‘ Beschäftigung mit dem Film differenzierter darzustellen, als das bislang geschehen ist, um das geistige Milieu und die Diskurskontexte, in denen Der sichtbare Mensch entstand, präziser rekonstruieren und einzelne Begriffe und Konzepte des Buches — wie Physiognomik, Sichtbarkeit und Visualität — genauer erfassen zu können. Aufgrund von Berichten in der Wiener ungarischen Migrationspresse lässt sich eine Diskussion über Film nachvollziehen, in der Balázs‘ erste Versuche auch zu verorten sind. Die Auflistung einiger Aspekte zur Wiener Filmindustrie der 1920er Jahre, filmbezogene Texte in der ungarischsprachigen Wiener Emigrantenzeitschrift Bécsi Magyar Ujság, Balázs‘ Auseinandersetzung mit Mitgliedern einer ebenfalls nach Wien emigrierten ungarischen Avantgardegruppe, der Sprachwechsel eines migrierten Literaturschaffenden und Balázs‘ Tagebucheinträge machen sichtbar: Der Verstehenshorizont von Balázs‘ Filmtheorie kann nur vor dem Panorama seiner breiten Interessensgebiete und Erfahrungswelten ausgelotet und bestimmt werden

Im Nebel

The relationship between the intellectual development of the young Georg Lukacs and the culture of Vienna around the turn of the century was investigated in the research project: Georg Lukacs and Vienna. Because of this the main point of interest was to investigate aspects of his work which stand in relation to Vienna around 1900. First of all the results of previous research about the theme 'Lukacs and Vienna' were held onto. After this, the methodical procedure from cultural studies about the turn of the century, which are treated as the standard works in this field, we re sketched out and the methods for contemporary works were laid down. The relevant biographical facts were laid out in two chapters about his life and his education - with special attention being paid to the question of his introduction to the problems of contemporary Austrian philosophy. The effect of Rudolf Kassner on Lukacs thoughts around 1910 seems to be very important. Lukacs' literature critical texts on modern Austrian drama especially the literature of Arthur Schnitzler and Richard Beer-Hofmann play a central role. The theories, which are developed in these texts, were made more precise in a discussion with Mihaly Babits as well as in the text: Aesthetic Culture. Following this Lukacs' aesthetical Heidelberg writings, which are relevant to the investigation of this project, were analyzed. The insight into the theories, which show up in Lukacs' texts, which was won in the research project through the aforementioned writings was then deepened with consideration to the Jewish Question as well as with an analysis of the concepts of liberalism, culture, and the Modern. At the same time Lukacs' activities were placed in the context of Central Europe. In addition the question was answered: what meaning did the relationship between Lukacs and Vienna have for his later development. The result of the project is that insight into Georg Lukacs must be viewed in the context of modernity and Central Europe, in order to understand his activity and, in a very concrete way, in order to understand his individual texts. If one doesn't take his contradictory relationship to Vienna around 1900 and to the Modern and Central Europe into account he remains a confused solitary person. Afurther and perhaps even more important result is: When one places Lukacs in the relation of these aforementioned intellectual-historical appearances, these appearances themselves win on dimensions, which first make their understanding possible

Which Just-About-Right feature should be changed if evaluations deviate? A case study using sum of ranking differences

Several different approaches have been introduced for analysis of just-about-right (JAR) data; however, their results are sometimes deviating or even contradictory. More reliable results are gained, if a consensus of many methods is determined. A specific approach is presented to compare and select JAR attributes of food products. Overall liking was set as dependent (Y) variable and the JAR variables were used as independent (X) variables for regression methods. The mean drop value, difference between the mean overall liking of the attribute as optimum (or JAR) and that of mean overall liking of the attribute as an extreme, i.e. too much and not enough, was used for penalty analysis and its variants. Generalized Pair Correlation Method (GPCM) compares the impact of the JAR variables on overall liking pairwise and the probability weighted difference ordering was applied for ordering the attributes. A special data fusion is suggested based on the sum of ranking differences (SRD), primarily developed for method comparison. SRD method was able to rank the JAR variables based on their differences from a benchmark defined by all of the JAR evaluation methods in maximal performance. This enables also to group the product attributes. Moreover, it gives recommendations for how to optimize the products based on the results of several JAR methods and helps to gain a more reliable evaluation and selection of JAR attributes. The significant features can be identified easily when the SRD procedure is completed by the frequencies of consumer evaluations. The same data matrix transposed is suitable to rank the evaluation methods using the average of all evaluation methods (consensus). From among the JAR evaluation techniques, GPCM proved to be closest to the average, i.e. it can be used for substitution of the other techniques

Im Nebel

The relationship between the intellectual development of the young Georg Lukacs and the culture of Vienna around the turn of the century was investigated in the research project: Georg Lukacs and Vienna. Because of this the main point of interest was to investigate aspects of his work which stand in relation to Vienna around 1900. First of all the results of previous research about the theme 'Lukacs and Vienna' were held onto. After this, the methodical procedure from cultural studies about the turn of the century, which are treated as the standard works in this field, we re sketched out and the methods for contemporary works were laid down. The relevant biographical facts were laid out in two chapters about his life and his education - with special attention being paid to the question of his introduction to the problems of contemporary Austrian philosophy. The effect of Rudolf Kassner on Lukacs thoughts around 1910 seems to be very important. Lukacs' literature critical texts on modern Austrian drama especially the literature of Arthur Schnitzler and Richard Beer-Hofmann play a central role. The theories, which are developed in these texts, were made more precise in a discussion with Mihaly Babits as well as in the text: Aesthetic Culture. Following this Lukacs' aesthetical Heidelberg writings, which are relevant to the investigation of this project, were analyzed. The insight into the theories, which show up in Lukacs' texts, which was won in the research project through the aforementioned writings was then deepened with consideration to the Jewish Question as well as with an analysis of the concepts of liberalism, culture, and the Modern. At the same time Lukacs' activities were placed in the context of Central Europe. In addition the question was answered: what meaning did the relationship between Lukacs and Vienna have for his later development. The result of the project is that insight into Georg Lukacs must be viewed in the context of modernity and Central Europe, in order to understand his activity and, in a very concrete way, in order to understand his individual texts. If one doesn't take his contradictory relationship to Vienna around 1900 and to the Modern and Central Europe into account he remains a confused solitary person. Afurther and perhaps even more important result is: When one places Lukacs in the relation of these aforementioned intellectual-historical appearances, these appearances themselves win on dimensions, which first make their understanding possible.Im Forschungsprojekt Georg Lukács und Wien wurde das Verhältnis zwischen der intellektuellen Entwicklung des jungen Georg Lukács und der Kultur der Wiener Jahrhundertwende untersucht. Schwerpunkt war es daher, Lukács' Tätigkeit nach Aspekten zu untersuchen, welche mit der Wiener Kultur um 1900 in Zusammenhang stehen. Als erstes wurde das über das Thema. 'Lukács und Wien' in der bisherigen Forschung Gesagte festgehalten. Es wurde anschließend das methodische Vorgehen der als Standardwerke geltenden Kulturstudien über die Wiener Jahrhundertwende skizziert und die Methode der vorliegenden Arbeit bestimmt. Die relevanten biographischen Fakten wurden in den zwei Kapiteln über Lukács' Leben und über seine Ausbildung mit Schwerpunkt auf der Frage nach der Vermittlung der Probleme der zeitgenössischen österreichischen Philosophie an ihn - festgehalten. Wesentlich erscheint die Wirkung von Rudolf Kassner auf Lukács' Denken um 1910 zu sein. Eine zentrale Stelle nehmen Lukács' literaturkritische Texte über das moderne österreichische Drama und insbesondere über die Literatur von Arthur Schnitzler und Richard Beer-Hofmann ein. Die in diesen Texten entwickelten Theorien wurden von Lukács in einer Diskussion mit Mihály Babits bzw. im Text Ästhetische Kultur präzisiert. Anschliegend wurden die für die Fragestellung des Projekts relevanten Thesen von Lukács' Heidelberger ästhetischen Schriften analysiert. Die Einsicht in die in Lukács-Texten erscheinenden Theorien, welche im Forschungsprojekt mit den soeben aufgezählten Schritten gewonnen worden ist, wurde mit Überlegungen zur 'jüdischen Frage' bzw. mit der Analyse der Begriffe 'Liberalismus', 'Kultur' und 'Moderne' vertieft. Gleichzeitig wurde Lukács' Tätigkeit in den Kontext von 'Mitteleuropa' gesetzt. Abschließend wurde die Frage beantwortet, welche Bedeutung Lukács' Verhältnis zu Wien für seine weitere Entwicklung hatte. Ergebnis des Projektes ist die Einsicht, daß Georg Lukács im Kontext von Modernität und Mitteleuropa betrachtet werden muß, um seine Tätigkeit, und auch ganz konkret seine einzelnen Texte verstehen zu können. Berücksichtigt man sein widersprüchliches Verhältnis zu Wien um 1900, zur Moderne und zu Mitteleuropa nicht, bleibt er ein verirrter Einzelner. Ein weiteres, und vielleicht noch bedeutenderes Ergebnis ist: Stellt man Lukács in den Zusammenhang mit jenen geistesgeschichtlichen. Erscheinungen, gewinnen diese Erscheinungen selbst an Dimensionen, welche ihr Verstehen erst ermöglichen