Development and optimisation of fast energy yield calculations (FEnYCs) of photovoltaic modules

Development and optimisation of a robust energy yield prediction methodology is the ultimate aim of this research. Outdoor performance of the PV module is determined by the influences of a variety of interlinked factors related to the environment and device technologies. There are two basic measurement data sets required for any energy yield prediction model. Firstly, characterisation of specific PV module technology under different operating conditions and secondly site specific meteorological data. Based on these two datasets a calculation procedure is required in any specific location energy yield estimation. This research established a matrix based multi-dimensional measurement set points for module characterisation which is independent of PV technologies. This novel approach has been established by demonstrating an extended correlation of different environmental factors (irradiance, temperature and spectral irradiance) and their influences on the commercial PV device technologies. Utilisation of the site specific meteorological data is the common approach applied in this yield prediction method. A series of modelling approach, including a tri-linear interpolation method is then applied for energy yield calculation. A novel Monte Carlo simulation is demonstrated for uncertainty analysis of irradiance (pyranometer CM 11) & temperature (PT 1000) measurements and ultimately the yield prediction of c-Si and CIGS modules. The degree of uncertainties of irradiance is varies from ±2% to ±6.2% depending on the level of monthly irradiation. The temperature measurement uncertainty is calculated in the range of ±0.18°C to ±0.46%°C in different months of the year. The calculated uncertainty of the energy yield prediction of c-Si and CIGS module are ±2.78% and ±15.45%. This research validated different irradiance translation models to identify the best matched model for UK climate for horizontal to in-plane irradiance. Ultimately, the validation results of the proposed Fast Energy Yield Calculation (FEnYCs), shows a good agreement against measured values i.e. 5.48%, 6.97% and 3.1% for c-Si, a-Si and CIGS module respectively

Factorization at subleading power in deep inelastic scattering in the x→1x\rightarrow 1 limit

We examine the endpoint region of inclusive deep inelastic scattering at next-to-leading power (NLP). Using a soft-collinear effective theory approach with no explicit soft or collinear modes, we discuss the factorization of the cross section at NLP and show that the overlap subtraction procedure introduced to eliminate double counting of degrees of freedom at leading power ensures that spurious endpoint divergences in the rate cancel at NLP at one loop. For this cancellation to occur at all renormalization scales a nontrivial relation between the anomalous dimensions of the leading and subleading operators is required, which is demonstrated to hold at one loop.Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure; typos corrected, words added, references adde

Growth Profile of Baiga Children – A Primitive Tribe of District Dindori of Madhya Pradesh, India

The present study has been carried out on 795 Baiga children (453 males and 342 females) of Baiga-chak area of Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh (MP) varying between 1–18 years of age with an aim to understand their growth profile using cross sectional design. Fourteen body measurements (weight, height, sitting height, lengths, breadths, circumferences and skin folds) were studied. Four indices namely Sitting height / Leg length, Bicristal breadth / Biacromial breadth, Head circumference / Chest circumference & Cephalic index were computed to study the proportionate body changes. All body measurements except for skin folds increased progressively in each age group showing insignificant difference between boys and girls in most of age groups with no evident peak velocity during pubertal age in both sexes. However skin folds showed inconsistent pattern with each successive age. The present children were slightly heavier and taller than tribal children of other areas but lighter and shorter than Bharia children32. However, these children were comparable with all India rural children20 but found below 10th percentile when compared with National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) standards38. The absence of peak velocity and poor growth in studied children may be due to low intensity of growth rate. Proportionate changes observed in the present study were similar to Indian Punjabi girls44

Gravitational waves and tadpole resummation: Efficient and easy convergence of finite temperature QFT

We demonstrate analytically and numerically that "optimized partial dressing" (OPD) thermal mass resummation, which uses gap equation solutions inserted into the tadpole, efficiently tames finite temperature perturbation theory calculations of the effective thermal potential, without necessitating use of the high-temperature approximation. An analytical estimate of the scale dependence for OPD resummation, standard Parwani Daisy-resummation and dimensional reduction shows that OPD has similar scale dependence to dimensional reduction, greatly improved over Parwani resummation. We also elucidate how to construct and solve the gap equation for realistic numerical calculations, and demonstrate OPD's improved accuracy and precision for a toy scalar model. An example of the physical significance of OPD's improved accuracy is the maximal gravitational wave amplitude that a model is capable of generating, which Parwani resummation underestimates by two orders of magnitude. This highlights the need to bring theoretical uncertainties under control even when analysing broad features of a model. Given the simplicity of the OPD compared to two loop dimensional reduction, as well as the ease with which this scheme handles departures from the high temperature expansion, we argue this scheme has great potential in analyzing the parameter space of realistic BSM models.Comment: 30 pages, 5 figures, 1 table; typos corrected, words added, references adde

Repression of the alkaline phosphatase of Vibrio cholerae

The synthesis of alkaline phosphatase by two strains of Vibrio cholerae belonging to the Inaba and Ogawa serotypes has been examined in relation to the phosphate concentration of the culture medium. The synthesis of the enzyme in both strains was repressed in cells grown in the presence of a high concentration of inorganic phosphate. Lowering the phosphate content of the growth medium led to a derepression of enzyme activity. The presence of glucose in low phosphate medium stimulated the degree of derepression. The synthesis of the enzyme by strain Inaba 569B was more sensitive to inorganic phosphate than that of strain Ogawa 154. The enzyme was presumably located in the periplasmic space since it was released when the organisms were converted to spheroplasts

Accuracy of energy yield prediction of photovoltaic modules

The uncertainty analysis of irradiance and temperature measurements in relation to the energy yield prediction of the photovoltaic (PV) modules are presented. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is demonstrated separately to propagate the monthly and annual measurement uncertainties of irradiance and temperature to annual energy yield prediction uncertainty for two commercially available PV modules. The annual irradiation uncertainty as measured with a thermopile pyranometer is calculated as ±1.56%. Uncertainty of the annual average of ambient temperature measurement is calculated as ±0.08 °C. Finally, the uncertainty in the energy yield estimation of the PV devices is determined as 2.8 and 15.5% for crystalline silicon (c-Si) and copper indium gallium (di)selenide (CIGS) modules, respectively

Evaluation of proposed photovoltaic energy rating standard: validation against outdoor measurements

Effective energy production is the ultimate purpose of photovoltaic devices and thus should be considered in describing device performance. This paper investigates the impact and relevance of the proposed IEC energy rating standard reference days on the energy prediction of various device technologies in the UK climate and found MIMT and MIHT are most relevant. Three different module technologies have been tested over a wide range of module temperature (Tmod) and irradiance (G) level in outdoor measurement conditions. Performance of each technology is calculated in terms of distribution of energy generation with the main influencing parameters. The paper also compares the power distributions (with irradiance and temperature) of crystalline silicon modules in indoor and outdoor measurement conditions. Sensitivity analysis of energy yield estimation and its modelling accuracy are analysed for three devices with the different combinations of Gmod and Tmod and its found that c-Si and a-Si device technologies underestimated by 7.6% and 6.8% but CIGS module overestimated by 0.05% in the UK climate