Analyzing How the ZrO 2

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the 100 nm ZrO2 far infrared material on the heat exchange efficiency of smooth tube heat exchangers. In the experiments designed for this purpose, the ZrO2 powder and water based acrylic paint were mixed separately using a two-step mixing method and the mixture samples were sprayed, respectively, onto heat exchangers for testing their heat exchange efficiency under stable ambient conditions. Results from the experiments showed 31.8% and 21.5% increases in heat transfer in the heat exchanger sprayed with 7.5 wt.% ZrO2 powder and with inlet water temperatures at 45°C and 55°C relative to the heat exchanger sprayed with 0 wt.% acrylic paint and 26.4% and 18.9% increases in heat transfer relative to the heat exchanger not sprayed with acrylic paint. The experiments also verified that heat could be transferred through radiation. The additive ZrO2 nanopowder in these experiments is proven to be able to improve the efficiency of heat exchangers through radiation, thereby increasing the feasibility of its application in practice

Evolutionary Analysis of Mitogenomes from Parasitic and Free-Living Flatworms

Copyright: © 2015 Solà et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The attached file is the published version of the article

Lineage Divergence and Historical Gene Flow in the Chinese Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus sinicus)

PMCID: PMC3581519This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Preparation and characterization of carbon nanofluid by a plasma arc nanoparticles synthesis system

Heat dissipation from electrical appliances is a significant issue with contemporary electrical devices. One factor in the improvement of heat dissipation is the heat transfer performance of the working fluid. In this study, we used plasma arc technology to produce a nanofluid of carbon nanoparticles dispersed in distilled water. In a one-step synthesis, carbon was simultaneously heated and vaporized in the chamber, the carbon vapor and particles were then carried to a collector, where cooling furnished the desired carbon/water nanofluid. The particle size and shape were determined using the light-scattering size analyzer, SEM, and TEM. Crystal morphology was examined by XRD. Finally, the characterization include thermal conductivity, viscosity, density and electric conductivity were evaluated by suitable instruments under different temperatures. The thermal conductivity of carbon/water nanofluid increased by about 25% at 50°C compared to distilled water. The experimental results demonstrated excellent thermal conductivity and feasibility for manufacturing of carbon/water nanofluids

Molecular Approaches to Identify Cryptic Species and Polymorphic Species within a Complex Community of Fig Wasps

Cryptic and polymorphic species can complicate traditional taxonomic research and both of these concerns are common in fig wasp communities. Species identification is very difficult, despite great effort and the ecological importance of fig wasps. Herein, we try to identify all chalcidoid wasp species hosted by one species of fig, using both morphological and molecular methods. We compare the efficiency of four different DNA regions and find that ITS2 is highly effective for species identification, while mitochondrial COI and Cytb regions appear less reliable, possibly due to the interference signals from either nuclear copies of mtDNA, i.e. NUMTs, or the effects of Wolbachia infections. The analyses suggest that combining multiple markers is the best choice for inferring species identifications as any one marker may be unsuitable in a given case

Optical Atomic Clock Comparison through Turbulent Air

We use frequency comb-based optical two-way time-frequency transfer (O-TWTFT) to measure the optical frequency ratio of state-of-the-art ytterbium and strontium optical atomic clocks separated by a 1.5 km open-air link. Our free-space measurement is compared to a simultaneous measurement acquired via a noise-cancelled fiber link. Despite non-stationary, ps-level time-of-flight variations in the free-space link, ratio measurements obtained from the two links, averaged over 30.5 hours across six days, agree to $6\times10^{-19}$, showing that O-TWTFT can support free-space atomic clock comparisons below the $10^{-18}$ level

Snail accelerates cancer invasion by upregulating MMP expression and is associated with poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma

We have previously demonstrated in an in vitro study that Snail increased the invasion activity of hepatoma cells by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression. In the present study, we examined whether Snail gene expression correlates with cancer invasion and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) was performed to evaluate Snail, E-cadherin, and MMP mRNA expressions in eight nodule-in-nodule tumours and 47 ordinary HCC tissues. In the nodule-in-nodule tumours, Snail expression significantly increased with tumour dedifferentiation (P=0.047). In the ordinary HCC tissues, Snail expression was significantly correlated with portal vein invasion (P=0.035) and intrahepatic metastasis (P=0.050); it also showed a significant correlation with MT1-MMP expression (r=0.572, P<0.001). In recurrence-free survival, the group with high Snail expression showed significantly poorer prognosis (P=0.035). Moreover, high Snail expression was an independent risk factor for early recurrence after curative resection. During the progression of HCC, Snail expression may be induced and accelerate invasion activity by upregulating MMP expression, resulting in portal invasion, intrahepatic metastasis, and poor prognosis