Effects of Adolescent THC Exposure on the Prefrontal GABAergic System: Implications for Schizophrenia-Related Psychopathology.

Marijuana is the most commonly used drug of abuse among adolescents. Considerable clinical evidence supports the hypothesis that adolescent neurodevelopmental exposure to high levels of the principal psychoactive component in marijuana, -delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), is associated with a high risk of developing psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia later in life. This marijuana-associated risk is believed to be related to increasing levels of THC found within commonly used marijuana strains. Adolescence is a highly vulnerable period for the development of the brain, where the inhibitory GABAergic system plays a pivotal role in the maturation of regulatory control mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). Specifically, adolescent neurodevelopment represents a critical period wherein regulatory connectivity between higher-order cortical regions and sub-cortical emotional processing circuits such as the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system is established. Emerging preclinical evidence demonstrates that adolescent exposure to THC selectively targets schizophrenia-related molecular and neuropharmacological signaling pathways in both cortical and sub-cortical regions, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and mesolimbic DA pathway, comprising the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Prefrontal cortical GABAergic hypofunction is a key feature of schizophrenia-like neuropsychopathology. This GABAergic hypofunction may lead to the loss of control of the PFC to regulate proper sub-cortical DA neurotransmission, thereby leading to schizophrenia-like symptoms. This review summarizes preclinical evidence demonstrating that reduced prefrontal cortical GABAergic neurotransmission has a critical role in the sub-cortical DAergic dysregulation and schizophrenia-like behaviors observed following adolescent THC exposure

Conséquences à long terme d'une exposition chronique aux cannabinoïdes durant l'adolescence chez le rat (Approches comportementale, fonctionnelle et structurale)

La consommation de cannabis chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes constitue un facteur de risque de développement de symptômes psychotiques. L objectif de cette thèse était d étudier les conséquences à l âge adulte d une exposition chronique aux cannabinoïdes pendant l adolescence. Nous avons réalisé ces études chez le Rat et démontré que l administration chronique d un agoniste des récepteurs cannabinoïdes, le CP55, 940, durant l adolescence (JPN 29 à 50) entraîne à l âge adulte des déficits significatifs et durables de la mémoire à court terme et de la mémoire de travail spatiale. Le même traitement administré à l âge adulte (JPN 70 à 91) n entraîne pas de déficits cognitifs à long terme. L apport de ces travaux et leur originalité a été de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents au développement de ces déficits cognitifs. Nous avons mis en évidence, chez ces rats à l âge adulte, une diminution significative de l amplitude de la PLT induite sur le circuit reliant l hippocampe au cortex préfrontal, fortement impliqué dans les processus de mémoire et dans la physiopathologie de la schizophrénie. Ce déficit de PLT a été mis en relation avec des modifications de la morphologie des neurones pyramidaux de la couche II/III du cortex préfrontal et de certains marqueurs de la plasticité synaptique. Ces résultats confirment que l'adolescence est une période critique et vulnérable aux effets délétères des cannabinoïdes sur les processus cognitifs. L étude des bases neurobiologiques de ces effets, en particulier en ce qui concerne les altérations des circuits préfrontaux, devrait améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes de l'émergence de la psychose et conduire à de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques et de prévention.Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults is a risk factor for developing psychotic symptoms. The aim of this thesis was to study the consequences at different levels (behavioral, functional and structural in adulthood) of chronic exposure to synthetic cannabinoids during adolescence in the rat. We showed that chronic administration of a cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP 55940, during adolescence (PND 29-50) in rats leads to significant long-term deleterious effects in short-term memory and in spatial working memory in adulthood. The same treatment administered in adulthood (PND 70-91) does not cause long-term cognitive deficits. We further demonstrated that cannabinoid during adolescence leads in adults to a significant decrease in the expression of LTP induced in hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses, a circuit directly involved in memory processes and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This alteration could be associated with changes in the morphology of pyramidal neurons in layer II / III of PFC and/or in the density of synaptic markers that we also identified in these cannabinoid-treated rats. These findings demonstrate that adolescence is a critical and vulnerable period to the deleterious effects of cannabinoids on cognitive processes. The neurobiological basis for this effect, especially with regard to alterations to prefrontal circuitry, which we partially provide should improve our understanding of the emergence of psychosis and lead to new therapeutic strategies and prevention.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. électronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

Fear Memory Recall Potentiates Opiate Reward Sensitivity through Dissociable Dopamine D1 versus D4 Receptor-Dependent Memory Mechanisms in the Prefrontal Cortex.

Disturbances in prefrontal cortical (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission are well established features of psychiatric disorders involving pathological memory processing, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and opioid addiction. Transmission through PFC DA D4 receptors (D4Rs) has been shown to potentiate the emotional salience of normally nonsalient emotional memories, whereas transmission through PFC DA D1 receptors (D1Rs) has been demonstrated to selectively block recall of reward- or aversion-related associative memories. In the present study, using a combination of fear conditioning and opiate reward conditioning in male rats, we examined the role of PFC D4/D1R signaling during the processing of fear-related memory acquisition and recall and subsequent sensitivity to opiate reward memory formation. We report that PFC D4R activation potentiates the salience of normally subthreshold fear conditioning memory cues and simultaneously potentiates the rewarding effects of systemic or intra-ventral tegmental area (VTA) morphine conditioning cues. In contrast, blocking the recall of salient fear memories with intra-PFC D1R activation, blocks the ability of fear memory recall to potentiate systemic or intra-VTA morphine place preference. These effects were dependent upon dissociable PFC phosphorylation states involving calcium-calmodulin-kinase II or extracellular signal-related kinase 1-2, following intra-PFC D4 or D1R activation, respectively. Together, these findings reveal new insights into how aberrant PFC DAergic transmission and associated downstream molecular signaling pathways may modulate fear-related emotional memory processing and concomitantly increase opioid addiction vulnerability. Disturbances in prefrontal cortical (PFC) dopamine (DA) transmission are well established features of psychiatric disorders involving pathological memory processing, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and opioid addiction. Transmission through PFC DA D4 receptors (D4Rs) has been shown to potentiate the emotional salience of normally nonsalient emotional memories, whereas transmission through PFC DA D1 receptors (D1Rs) has been demonstrated to selectively block recall of reward-or aversion-related associative memories. In the present study, using a combination of fear conditioning and opiate reward conditioning in male rats, we examined the role of PFC D4/D1R signaling during the processing of fear-related memory acquisition and recall and subsequent sensitivity to opiate reward memory formation. We report that PFC D4R activation potentiates the salience of normally subthreshold fear conditioning memory cues and simultaneously potentiates the rewarding effects of systemic or intra-ventral tegmental area (VTA) morphine conditioning cues. In contrast, blocking the recall of salient fear memories with intra-PFC D1R activation, blocks the ability of fear memory recall to potentiate systemic or intra-VTA morphine place preference. These effects were dependent upon dissociable PFC phosphorylation states involving calcium-calmodulin-kinase II or extracellular signal-related kinase 1-2, following intra-PFC D4 or D1Ractivation, respectively. Together, these findings reveal new insights into how aberrant PFC DAergic transmission and associated downstream molecular signaling pathways may modulate fear-related emotional memory processing and concomitantly increase opioid addiction vulnerability

Adolescent Cannabinoid Exposure Induces a Persistent Sub-Cortical Hyper-Dopaminergic State and Associated Molecular Adaptations in the Prefrontal Cortex.

Considerable evidence suggests that adolescent exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocanabinol (THC), the psychoactive component in marijuana, increases the risk of developing schizophrenia-related symptoms in early adulthood. In the present study, we used a combination of behavioral and molecular analyses with in vivo neuronal electrophysiology to compare the long-term effects of adolescent versus adulthood THC exposure in rats. We report that adolescent, but not adult, THC exposure induces long-term neuropsychiatric-like phenotypes similar to those observed in clinical populations. Thus, adolescent THC exposure induced behavioral abnormalities resembling positive and negative schizophrenia-related endophenotypes and a state of neuronal hyperactivity in the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway. Furthermore, we observed profound alterations in several prefrontal cortical molecular pathways consistent with sub-cortical DAergic dysregulation. Our findings demonstrate a profound dissociation in relative risk profiles for adolescent versus adulthood exposure to THC in terms of neuronal, behavioral, and molecular markers resembling neuropsychiatric pathology

Cannabidiol counteracts amphetamine-induced neuronal and behavioral sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway through a novel mTOR/p70S6 kinase signaling pathway

Schizophrenia-related psychosis is associated with disturbances in mesolimbic dopamine (DA) transmission, characterized by hyperdopaminergic activity in the mesolimbic pathway. Currently, the only clinically effective treatment for schizophrenia involves the use of antipsychotic medications that blockDAreceptor transmission. However, these medications produce serious side effects leading to poor compliance and treatment outcomes. Emerging evidence points to the involvement of a specific phytochemical component of marijuana called cannabidiol (CBD), which possesses promising therapeutic properties for the treatment of schizophrenia-related psychoses. However, the neuronal and molecular mechanisms through which CBD may exert these effects are entirely unknown. We used amphetamine (AMPH)-induced sensitization and sensorimotor gating in rats, two preclinical procedures relevant to schizophrenia-related psychopathology, combined with in vivo single-unit neuronal electrophysiology recordings in the ventral tegmental area, and molecular analyses to characterize the actions ofCBDdirectly in the nucleus accumbens shell (NASh), a brain region that is the current target of most effective antipsychotics. We demonstrate that Intra-NASh CBD attenuates AMPH-induced sensitization, both in terms of DAergic neuronal activity measured in the ventral tegmental area and psychotomimetic behavioral analyses. We further report that CBD controls downstream phosphorylation of the mTOR/p70S6 kinase signaling pathways directly within the NASh. Our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the putative antipsychotic-like properties of CBD in the mesolimbic circuitry. We identify the molecular signaling pathways through which CBD may functionally reduce schizophrenia-like neuropsychopathology

L-theanine prevents long-term affective and cognitive side effects of adolescent Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure and blocks associated molecular and neuronal abnormalities in the mesocorticolimbic circuitry

Chronic adolescent exposure to Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is linked to elevated neuropsychiatric risk and induces neuronal, molecular and behavioral abnormalities resembling neuropsychiatric endophenotypes. Previous evidence has revealed that the mesocorticolimbic circuitry, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and mesolimbic dopamine (DA) pathway are particularly susceptible to THC-induced pathologic alterations, including dysregulation of DAergic activity states, loss of PFC GABAergic inhibitory control and affective and cognitive abnormalities. There are currently limited pharmacological intervention strategies capable of preventing THC-induced neuropathological adaptations. L-Theanine is an amino acid analog of L-glutamate and L-glutamine derived from various plant sources, including green tea leaves. L-Theanine has previously been shown to modulate levels of GABA, DA, and glutamate in various neural regions and to possess neuroprotective properties. Using a preclinical model of adolescent THC exposure in male rats, we report that L-theanine pretreatment before adolescent THC exposure is capable of preventing long-term, THC-induced dysregulation of both PFC and VTA DAergic activity states, a neuroprotective effect that persists into adulthood. In addition, pretreatment with L-theanine blocked THC-induced downregulation of local GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase 3) and Akt signaling pathways directly in the PFC, two biomarkers previously associated with cannabis-related psychiatric risk and subcortical DAergic dysregulation. Finally, L-theanine powerfully blocked the development of both affective and cognitive abnormalities commonly associated with adolescent THC exposure, further demonstrating functional and long-term neuroprotective effects of L-theanine in the mesocorticolimbic system

Long-term consequences of chronic cannabinoid exposure during adolescence in rats : Behavioral, functional and structural studies

La consommation de cannabis chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes constitue un facteur de risque de développement de symptômes psychotiques. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier les conséquences à l’âge adulte d’une exposition chronique aux cannabinoïdes pendant l’adolescence. Nous avons réalisé ces études chez le Rat et démontré que l’administration chronique d’un agoniste des récepteurs cannabinoïdes, le CP55, 940, durant l’adolescence (JPN 29 à 50) entraîne à l’âge adulte des déficits significatifs et durables de la mémoire à court terme et de la mémoire de travail spatiale. Le même traitement administré à l’âge adulte (JPN 70 à 91) n’entraîne pas de déficits cognitifs à long terme. L’apport de ces travaux et leur originalité a été de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents au développement de ces déficits cognitifs. Nous avons mis en évidence, chez ces rats à l’âge adulte, une diminution significative de l’amplitude de la PLT induite sur le circuit reliant l’hippocampe au cortex préfrontal, fortement impliqué dans les processus de mémoire et dans la physiopathologie de la schizophrénie. Ce déficit de PLT a été mis en relation avec des modifications de la morphologie des neurones pyramidaux de la couche II/III du cortex préfrontal et de certains marqueurs de la plasticité synaptique. Ces résultats confirment que l'adolescence est une période critique et vulnérable aux effets délétères des cannabinoïdes sur les processus cognitifs. L’étude des bases neurobiologiques de ces effets, en particulier en ce qui concerne les altérations des circuits préfrontaux, devrait améliorer notre compréhension des mécanismes de l'émergence de la psychose et conduire à de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques et de prévention.Cannabis use among adolescents and young adults is a risk factor for developing psychotic symptoms. The aim of this thesis was to study the consequences at different levels (behavioral, functional and structural in adulthood) of chronic exposure to synthetic cannabinoids during adolescence in the rat. We showed that chronic administration of a cannabinoid receptor agonist, CP 55940, during adolescence (PND 29-50) in rats leads to significant long-term deleterious effects in short-term memory and in spatial working memory in adulthood. The same treatment administered in adulthood (PND 70-91) does not cause long-term cognitive deficits. We further demonstrated that cannabinoid during adolescence leads in adults to a significant decrease in the expression of LTP induced in hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses, a circuit directly involved in memory processes and in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This alteration could be associated with changes in the morphology of pyramidal neurons in layer II / III of PFC and/or in the density of synaptic markers that we also identified in these cannabinoid-treated rats. These findings demonstrate that adolescence is a critical and vulnerable period to the deleterious effects of cannabinoids on cognitive processes. The neurobiological basis for this effect, especially with regard to alterations to prefrontal circuitry, which we partially provide should improve our understanding of the emergence of psychosis and lead to new therapeutic strategies and prevention

Étude de la longévité du pollen de colza soumis à différentes conditions de température et d'hygrométrie

National audiencePollen longevity of oilseed rape was studied under 4 conditions of temperature and relative humidity (external conditions ; T° 20°C., RH 40% ; T° 20°C., RH 60% ; T° 3 to 5°C., RH 40 to 95%) and stored during 0 to 15 days. Longevity was measured by viability (Triphenyl Tretrazolium Chlorid stainability test) and by pollination effectiveness which was tested on cut female flowers (fruit set and number of seeds per pod). The results showed that the viability decreased until 8 days. Low temperature with variable RH was the most conservative treatment (9% on the 8th day). In all conditions, viability did not exceed 15 days. The testing of pollination effectiveness was more difficult to manage, nevertheless the results were in accordance with the viability tests. Our results indicate a higher longevity than that previously described in the literature (3 days). The results lead to two conclusions. First, the TTC stainability test is a rapid and reliable method to study OSR pollen longevity and could be used to study the variability of pollen longevity in various oilseed rape varieties. Second, when considering the longevity of pollen stored under variable conditions and especially under low temperature, it can be assumed that a long distance and efficient pollen dispersal over several days in the atmosphere is likely.Du pollen de colza a été soumis à 4 conditions de température et d'hygrométrie (conditions extérieures ; 20 °C et HR 60 % ; 20 °C et HR 40 % ; 3 à 5 °C. et HR variable de 40 à 95 %) pendant une durée de 0 à 15 jours. Sa viabilité a été mesurée par un test de coloration au TTC (Triphényl tétrazolium chloride). Les résultats montrent que la viabilité du pollen décroît très rapidement au bout de huit jours. C'est en conditions extérieures que la longévité est la plus courte (taux de viabilité de 9 % à 8 jours). Les conditions les plus conservatrices sont celles correspondant à une faible température même lorsque l'hygrométrie peut être très élevée. Dans tous les cas, la longévité ne dépasse pas 15 jours. Les tests de viabilité étant réputés peu fiables, l'étude de la longévité a été complétée par un test du pouvoir fécondant du pollen sur fleurs mâles stériles coupées maintenues en culture. Malgré les difficultés de mise en œuvre de ce dernier test, les résultats obtenus sont conformes au test de viabilité par coloration : la durée de vie du pollen de colza n'excède pas 15 jours. Ces résultats amènent deux conclusions. La première est d'ordre technique : le test TTC de viabilité, simple et rapide, donne une bonne estimation du pouvoir fécondant effectif du colza. La seconde concerne les risques de dispersion de pollen par le vent sur de longues distances : le pollen une fois mis en suspension dans les couches supérieures de l'atmosphère où la température est faible et l'hygrométrie très variable conserve son pouvoir fécondant suffisamment longtemps pour subir sans dommage un transport atmosphérique durant plusieurs jours