1,190 research outputs found
A new multidimensional, energy-dependent two-moment transport code for neutrino-hydrodynamics
We present the new code ALCAR developed to model multidimensional, multi
energy-group neutrino transport in the context of supernovae and neutron-star
mergers. The algorithm solves the evolution equations of the 0th- and 1st-order
angular moments of the specific intensity, supplemented by an algebraic
relation for the 2nd-moment tensor to close the system. The scheme takes into
account frame-dependent effects of order O(v/c) as well as the most important
types of neutrino interactions. The transport scheme is significantly more
efficient than a multidimensional solver of the Boltzmann equation, while it is
more accurate and consistent than the flux-limited diffusion method. The
finite-volume discretization of the essentially hyperbolic system of moment
equations employs methods well-known from hydrodynamics. For the time
integration of the potentially stiff moment equations we employ a scheme in
which only the local source terms are treated implicitly, while the advection
terms are kept explicit, thereby allowing for an efficient computational
parallelization of the algorithm. We investigate various problem setups in one
and two dimensions to verify the implementation and to test the quality of the
algebraic closure scheme. In our most detailed test, we compare a fully
dynamic, one-dimensional core-collapse simulation with two published
calculations performed with well-known Boltzmann-type neutrino-hydrodynamics
codes and we find very satisfactory agreement.Comment: 30 pages, 12 figures. Revised version: several additional comments
and explanations, results remain unchanged. Accepted for publication in MNRA
The Political and Economic Implications of the Asian Carp Invasion
âAsian carp will kill jobs and ruin our way of life.â1 Such is the sentiment expressed by Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox and many other politicians and interest groups in the Great Lakes Region. The invasion of non-native species into the Great Lakes is a public policy problem that has the ability to severely damage the regionâs environment and economy. Alterations to the regionâs waterways have led to the threat of invasive species overwhelming, and in fact, destroying the natural ecosystem of the worldâs largest body of freshwater. The issue of invasive species has resulted in a clash between numerous industries crucial to the Great Lakes statesâ economies. The argument over approaches to combating the problem of Asian carp displays how the use of a common resource can clash with high economic and political consequences
Contemporary State Policies Toward Anti-Semitism in Germany and Poland
Broadly speaking, this research is intended to shed light on how post-genocide societies attempt to address a traumatic history and reconcile the problems of ethnic and religious hatred. Germany and Poland are especially ripe cases for such research given their historical memories of the Holocaust and unique legal and diplomatic efforts to counter anti-Semitism. However, since many of the policies on this issue have only been implemented in the past ten to fifteen years, there has not yet been a comprehensive study that has evaluated their effectiveness. This dissertation will attempt to fill this gap in the literature and provide new insight as to how states can best grapple with this problem. The central question for this research is: Have state policies been effective in reducing levels of anti-Semitic attitudes and incidents in Germany and Poland since 1990?
This question will be investigated by first examining the historical development of anti-Semitism in each country, then discussing the policies implemented to address the problem, and finally evaluating the results of such measures. From a public policy perspective, this research will contribute to our understanding of the approaches taken by these two countries and discover which measures have been most effective in reducing anti-Semitic behavior and ideology. The findings show that while the policies implemented have tended to be effective in reducing general anti-Semitic attitudes and helping revive domestic Jewish communities, they have been less successful in reducing levels of anti-Semitic crime. The policy analysis portions of the dissertation provide a number of explanations for these outcomes and acknowledge areas for potential policy improvement. This research has implications not only for the region of Central Europe, but also other societies that continue to grapple with problems of ethnic and religious hatred
Neutron-star radius constraints from GW170817 and future detections
We introduce a new, powerful method to constrain properties of neutron stars
(NSs). We show that the total mass of GW170817 provides a reliable constraint
on the stellar radius if the merger did not result in a prompt collapse as
suggested by the interpretation of associated electromagnetic emission. The
radius R_1.6 of nonrotating NSs with a mass of 1.6 M_sun can be constrained to
be larger than 10.68_{-0.04}^{+0.15} km, and the radius R_max of the
nonrotating maximum mass configuration must be larger than 9.60_{-0.03}^{+0.14}
km. We point out that detections of future events will further improve these
constraints. Moreover, we show that a future event with a signature of a prompt
collapse of the merger remnant will establish even stronger constraints on the
NS radius from above and the maximum mass M_max of NSs from above. These
constraints are particularly robust because they only require a measurement of
the chirp mass and a distinction between prompt and delayed collapse of the
merger remnant, which may be inferred from the electromagnetic signal or even
from the presence/absence of a ringdown gravitational-wave (GW) signal. This
prospect strengthens the case of our novel method of constraining NS
properties, which is directly applicable to future GW events with accompanying
electromagnetic counterpart observations. We emphasize that this procedure is a
new way of constraining NS radii from GW detections independent of existing
efforts to infer radius information from the late inspiral phase or postmerger
oscillations, and it does not require particularly loud GW events.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Three-Dimensional Core-Collapse Supernova Simulations with Multi-Dimensional Neutrino Transport Compared to the Ray-by-Ray-plus Approximation
Self-consistent, time-dependent supernova (SN) simulations in three spatial
dimensions (3D) are conducted with the Aenus-Alcar code, comparing, for the
first time, calculations with fully multi-dimensional (FMD) neutrino transport
and the ray-by-ray-plus (RbR+) approximation, both based on a two-moment solver
with algebraic M1 closure. We find good agreement between 3D results with FMD
and RbR+ transport for both tested grid resolutions in the cases of a 20
solar-mass progenitor, which does not explode with the employed simplified set
of neutrino opacities, and of an exploding 9 solar-mass model. This is in stark
contrast to corresponding axisymmetric (2D) simulations, which confirm previous
claims that the RbR+ approximation can foster explosions in 2D in particular in
models with powerful axial sloshing of the stalled shock due to the standing
accretion shock instability (SASI). However, while local and instantaneous
variations of neutrino fluxes and heating rates can still be considerably
higher with RbR+ transport in 3D, the time-averaged quantities are very similar
to FMD results because of the absence of a fixed, artificial symmetry axis that
channels the flow. Therefore, except for stochastic fluctuations, the neutrino
signals and the post-bounce evolution of 3D simulations with FMD and RbR+
transport are also very similar, in particular for our calculations with the
better grid resolution. Higher spatial resolution has clearly a more important
impact than the differences by the two transport treatments. Our results back
up the use of the RbR+ approximation for neutrino transport in 3D SN modeling.Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures; referee comments included, new appendix added;
accepted by Ap
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