Validation of the Apperception Test God Representations:An implicit measure to assess attachment to God representations. Associations with explicit attachment to God measures and with implicit and explicit measures of distress

Stress and Psychopatholog

Історія польських поселень Володарсько-Волинського району

В даній роботі описано 10 сіл з переважаючим польським населенням, на що вказують архівні матеріали і опитування жителів сіл

Psychiatric disorders and urbanization in Germany

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Epidemiological studies over the last decade have supplied growing evidence of an association between urbanization and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Our aim was to examine the link between levels of urbanization and 12-month prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders in a nationwide German population study, controlling for other known risk factors such as gender, social class, marital status and the interaction variables of these factors with urbanization.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) was used to assess the prevalence of mental disorders (DSM-IV) in a representative sample of the German population (N = 4181, age: 18–65). The sample contains five levels of urbanization based on residence location.</p> <p>The epidemiological study was commissioned by the German Ministry of Research, Education and Science (BMBF) and approved by the relevant Institutional Review Board and ethics committee. Written informed consent was obtained for both surveys (core survey and Mental Health Supplement). Subjects did not get any financial compensation for their study participation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Higher levels of urbanization were linked to higher 12-month prevalence rates for almost all major psychiatric disorders (with the exception of substance abuse and psychotic disorders). The weighted prevalence percentages were highest in the most urbanized category. Alongside urbanization, female gender, lower social class and being unmarried were generally found to be associated with higher levels of psychopathology. The impact of urbanization on mental health was about equal (for almost all major psychiatric disorders) in young people and elderly people, men and women, and in married and single people. Only people from a low social class in the most urbanized settings had more somatoform disorders, and unmarried people in the most urbanized settings had more anxiety disorders.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Psychiatric disorders are more prevalent among the inhabitants of more urbanized areas. probably because of environmental stressors.</p

Psychotherapy and Mentalizing in Somatoform Disorders. A Psychodynamic Perspective

status: publishe

Changes in implicit God representations after psychotherapy for patients diagnosed with a personality disorder.: Associations with changes in explicit God representations, distress and object-relational functioning

Research has demonstrated that maladaptive relational functioning of patients suffering from personality disorders is associated with more negative God representations. This study demonstrated with a single group design among a group of 37 Christian patients with personality disorders, that changes in implicit God representations during psychotherapy, as assessed with the recently developed implicit Apperception Test God Representations (ATGR), were associated with changes in explicit God representations and object-relational functioning, but not in distress. Changes in explicit distress were associated with changes in explicit God representations. Results of cross-lagged analyses suggested that object-relational functioning affected God representations more than vice versa

Validation of an implicit instrument to assess God representations:Part 2: Associations between implicit and explicit measures of God representations and object-relational functioning

Results about associations between God representations and well-being/mental health can be questioned because they are predominantly based on studies with self-report instruments. There are no well-validated implicit measures of God representations. Therefore we developed the Apperception Test for God Representations (ATGR). In a clinical (n = 75) and a nonclinical (n = 71) sample, we found patterns of associations of scales of the ATGR and of an explicit God representation measure with implicit and explicit measures of object-relational functioning that undergirded the validity of most ATGR scales. Differences in patterns of associations between patients and nonpatients could theoretically be explained by the concept mentalization

Changes in implicit God representations after psychotherapy for patients diagnosed with a personality disorder.:Associations with changes in explicit God representations, distress and object-relational functioning

Research has demonstrated that maladaptive relational functioning of patients suffering from personality disorders is associated with more negative God representations. This study demonstrated with a single group design among a group of 37 Christian patients with personality disorders, that changes in implicit God representations during psychotherapy, as assessed with the recently developed implicit Apperception Test God Representations (ATGR), were associated with changes in explicit God representations and object-relational functioning, but not in distress. Changes in explicit distress were associated with changes in explicit God representations. Results of cross-lagged analyses suggested that object-relational functioning affected God representations more than vice versa

God representations and aspects of psychological functioning: A meta-analysis

Context: Results of meta-analyses show weak associations between religiosity and well-being, but are based on divergent definitions of religiosity. Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine the magnitude of the associations between God representations and aspects of psychological functioning. Based on object-relations and attachment theory, the study discerns six dimensions of God representations: Two positive affective God representations, three negative affective God representations, and God control. Associations with well-being and distress and with self-concept, relationships with others and neuroticism were examined. Methods: The meta-analysis was based on 123 samples out of 112 primary studies with 348 effect sizes from in total 29,963 adolescent and adult participants, with a vast majority adherent of a theistic religion. Results: The analyses, based on the random-effects model, yielded mostly medium effect sizes (r = .25 to r = .30) for the associations of positive God representations with well-being, and for the associations of two out of three negative God representations with distress. Associations of God representations with self-concept, relationships with others and neuroticism were of the same magnitude. Various moderator variables could not explain the relatively high amount of heterogeneity. The authors found no indications of publication bias. Conclusion: The observed effect sizes are significantly stronger than those generally found in meta-analyses of associations between religiousness and well-being/mental health. Results demonstrate the importance of focusing on God representations instead of on behavioral or rather global aspects of religiosity. Several implications with respect to assessment, clinical practice, and future research are discussed