Badania pilotażowe o wiedzy i stosowaniu mnemonik z przedmiotów ścisłych przez polsklich uczniów

Mnemonic devices are specific ways, which during coding new information apply known elements for improving subsequent access to that information in the memory. Consequently, not much is known about techniques for optimizing recall performance with mnemonic devices or the suitability of using mnemonic devices in educational applications. Moreover, in literature there are a lot of examples in chemistry, biology, physics and mathematics mnemonics approaches, however in the related literature, there is a lack of current and reliable studies for this subject. In this original work we describe mnemonic methods from this point of view in the learning and teachings of science subjects. A large trumps of this article is the demonstration of the old well-known method of the learning/teaching in the new scene. This is the first article in literature that present actual data about this topic according to learning and studying the science subjects by mnemonic studies.Strategie mnemoniczne to specyficzne sposoby, które podczas kodowania nowej informacji wykorzystują znane już elementy do polepszenia późniejszego dostępu do tej informacji w pamięci. Strategie te mogą często wspomagać uczenie się oraz późniejsze przywoływanie informacji. Jednak niewiele wiadomo na temat technik optymalizowania przywoływania myśli za pomocą metod mnemotechnicznych lub stosowalności metod mnemotechnicznych w praktyce edukacyjnej. Ponadto, w literaturze jest wiele przykładów metod i podejść mnemotechnicznych w chemii, biologii, fizyce czy matematyce, jednakże w literaturze fachowej brak jest aktualnych i miarodajnych badań na ten temat. Artykuł ten stanowi autorskie podejście do zagadnienia metod mnemotechnicznych z punktu widzenia uczenia i nauczania przedmiotów przyrodniczo-ścisłych. Dużym atutem artykułu jest demonstracja starych i dobrze znanych metod uczenia/nauczania w nowym wymiarze. Zgodnie z naszą wiedzą jest to pierwszy artykuł w literaturze opisujący aktualne dane na temat związany z uczeniem i studiowaniem przedmiotów ścisłych przy użyciu metod mnemotechnicznych

The toxicological analysis of Cu, Mn and Zn as elemental impurities in pharmaceutical herbal products for teething available in pharmacies in Poland

The monitoring of elemental impurities (EIs) in pharmaceutical materials is often not adequately treated, although it is a very important topic because the directive ICH Q3D requires a wide range of elements, often at low concentrations, to be monitored. This article describes the quantitative toxicological analysis of copper, manganese and zinc as EIs in the pharmaceutical gels for teething containing herbs available in Poland. The levels of EIs were measured to evaluate whether the intake of these metals through the gels was within recommended levels. The flame absorption spectrometry (FAAS) following microwave induced digestion (concentrated nitric acid) was applied to determine the levels of Cu, Mn and Zn in the products. This article was motivated especially by the facts that: (i) herbs can be a potential source of EIs; (ii) Cu, Mn and Zn are essential trace elements in the infancy period; (iii) there is a general lack of data around the risk assessment associated with exposure to these EIs in this kind of pharmaceutical. Our safety assessment is based on triple approach including: (1) profile of EIs in gels; (2) the actual amount of EIs in the appropriate amount of gel applied with a single administration (one drop) and (3) the daily exposure of EIs in analysed teething pharmaceuticals due to the maximum daily dose. Our results show that all EI levels meet the standards of directive ICH Q3D. It can be concluded that all of the teething gels investigated, based on herbs, available in Polish pharmacies do not represents a health hazard to babies

The analysis of Cu, Mn and Zn content in prescription food for special medical purposes and modified milk products for newborns and infants available in Polish pharmacies from toxicological and nutritional point of view

Background: Prescription food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) and modified milk products (MMPs), available in pharmacies, are important for newborns and infants that are not breastfed. In the scientific literature there is a lack of comprehensive studies and corresponding safety assessment of the essential trace elements in these products. Objective: The aim of this article was determination of Cu, Mn and Zn levels in the most frequently available prescription FSMPs (n = 6) and MMPs (n = 6) available in Polish pharmacies. Methods Flame absorption spectrometry (FAAS) following microwave induced digestion (concentrated nitric acid) was applied to determine the levels of the elements in the products. Results: Our studies are based on a triple approach (1) the “raw results” of Cu, Mn and Zn levels (products in powdered form), (2) single intake - the level of each essential trace element consumed in one portion, (3) the daily intake depending on age and weight including comparison with Adequate Intake established by European Food Safety Authority. Conclusion: The results show the occurrence of differences between the manufacturer’s declared composition and the finished product for consumption. The prescription FSMPs in comparison to MMPs available in Polish pharmacies contain similar levels of Cu, Mn and Zn. Our results show additionally that all of the products do not represent a health hazard to the newborns and infants. This is a pioneer study in terms of the safety assessment, and quality of prescription FSMPs and MMPs available in Polish pharmacies from toxicological and nutritional point of view

Toxicological analysis of Pb and Cd by ET AAS in local anaesthetics for teething (teething gels) based on herbs available in Polish pharmacies

Studies related to the toxicological analyses of metallic impurities in pharmaceuticals (drugs) is an important issue but there is a lack of refereed literature around the safety of teething remedies from herbal origin related to toxic metals impurities. In this article, the levels of Pb and Cd were measured in samples of local anaesthetics for teething (gels) based on herbs. This article was motivated by the fact that Pb and Cd are relevant toxic metals that may cause an adverse effect in babies even at low levels. Additional justifications were (1) the insufficient control of metal impurities in teething gels, (2) the lack of sufficient validation steps and (3) the inadequate sensitivity of applied analytical techniques. The aim of this article was a qualitative and quantitative analysis of Pb and Cd in the most popular and available local anaesthetic for teething (teething gels) based on herbs (n = 5) available in Poland. Metals were determined by ET AAS (electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry), after digestion in a microwave unit using concentrated nitric acid. It was observed that all samples contained Pb and Cd. The levels of Pb and Cd as impurities (independently of the producer and declared composition) are similar. The concentrations of Pb and Cd, at ng/day levels, to which the user is exposed at daily doses meet the standards of the directive ICH Q3D

The toxicological analysis of lead and cadmium in prescription food for special medical purposes and modified milk products for newborns and infants available in Polish pharmacies

There is currently a lack of risk assessments around Pb and Cd in prescription food for special medical purposes (FSMPs) and modified milk products available in from pharmacies in Poland. This article describes and evaluates a toxicological analysis of lead and cadmium in prescription FSMPs (n=6) and modified milk products (n=6) available in Polish pharmacies. The metals were determined using electrothermal atomisation atomic absorption spectrometry. To make the appropriate risk assessment, we considered (1) the levels of lead and cadmium in a powdered product, (2) the amount of the metals consumed in one portion (single exposure), (3) the daily dose depending on age (months) and body weight and (4) the weekly intake of Pb and Cd in samples in comparison to provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI). The results demonstrated that the samples analysed do not represent a health hazard to newborns and infants. This study is important because of the concerns around the complex risk assessment of prescription FSMP’s and modified milk products available in Polish pharmacies related to lead and cadmium

The development of new methodology for determination of vincristine (VCR) in human serum using LC-MS/MS-based method for medical diagnostics

In this article, we have presented the development and validation of a rapid and sensitive reversed-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of vincristine (VCR) in patient serum samples. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kinetex(®) (Singapore) column using a mobile phase consisting of 25 mM acetic acid and 0.3% formic acid (A) and methanol (B) in a gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The VCR and internal standard (vinblastine) were monitored using the multiple reaction monitoring mode under positive electrospray ionization. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.67 ng/mL, and the upper limit of quantification (ULOQ) was 250 ng/mL for VCR. The calculated values of LOD and LOQ for VCR were 0.075 and 0.228 ng/mL, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the VCR concentration range of 1.0–250 ng/mL in serum. The intra- and inter-day precision and precision were within the generally accepted criteria for the bioanalytical method (<15%). The method was successfully applied to the analysis of serum samples in clinical practice

Application of LA ICP MS method for the bioimaging of zinc in the rat brain structures as a tool to study the pathophysiology of depression.

W niniejszej pracy opracowano i omówiono możliwości wykorzystania metody LA ICP MS do bezpośredniej analizy próbek struktur mózgu szczurzego z wykorzystaniem trybu mapowania do ukazania dystrybucji cynku w postaci odpowiednich map dystrybucji. Wstęp teoretyczny zawiera informację na temat analitu (cynku) oraz stanowi obszerny i treściwy opis techniki ICP MS i jej problematyki analitycznej. W części praktycznej zaprezentowano i omówiono wszystkie etapy procedury analitycznej stosowanej do oznaczania cynku w analizowanych próbkach mózgu. W pracy zwrócono uwagę na możliwości analityczne, wykorzystanie odpowiedniego typu kalibracji analitycznej oraz możliwości jakie stwarza stosowana metoda w analityce toksykologicznej. Pomimo wielu ograniczeń zwrócono uwagę na atrakcyjność procedur umożliwiających prowadzenie oznaczeń bezpośrednio dla próbek stałych, bez konieczności przeprowadzenia do roztworu oraz wagę wniosków płynących z analizy tą metodą na potrzeby nauk medycznych w przypadku badań patofizjologii depresjiIn the present thesis was developed and discussed the possibility of using LA ICP MS method for direct analysis of rat brain samples using the mapping mode to show the distribution of zinc in the form of the corresponding distribution maps. The theoretical part of the thesis information about the analyte (zinc) and provides a comprehensive and concise description of the ICP MS technique and its analytical problems.The practical part presents and discusses all stage of the analytical procedure used for the determination of zinc in the analyzed samples of the brain. This thesis pointed out the analytical capabilities, the use of the appropriate type and calibration of the analytical possibilities offered by the used technique in analytical toxicology. Despite the many constraints pointed out the attractiveness of the procedures for conducting determinations of solid samples directly, without the need for a solution and the importance of the conclusions drawn from the analysis of this method for medical science for studies of the pathophysiology of depression

Lead impurities in traditional herbal medicinal products with <I>Plantago lanceolata</I> L., folium (Ribwort Plantain leaves) available in Polish pharmacies - toxicological risk assessment for adults

Traditional herbal medicinal products (THMP) with Plantago lanceolata L., folium (Ribwort Plantain Leaves) are well-known and very popular among the European population. The aim of our study was the toxicological risk assessment for adults of Pb impurities in THMP with Plantago lanceolata L. obtained from pharmacies in Poland. The estimations of Pb impurities in the single dose (22.1 − 50.7 ng/single dose) and in the daily dose (ng/day) were based on the worst-case scenario (WCS), i.e. based on the posology recommended by manufacturers. The estimated daily exposure (ng/day) meets the standards of the ICH Q3D (R1) guideline on elemental impurities (5.0 µg/day) according to the Pb levels (all results were below 250 ng/day). It can be concluded that all investigated THMPs with Plantago lanceolata L., folium available in pharmacies from Poland should not represent any health risk to the adults.</p