Povijesni razvoj sustava slovopisa u engleskom jeziku

The English language is a complex system and it is difficult to know what to expect, when a language develops a worldwide presence to the extent that English has. The history of English is a fascinating system of its own. The sound, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary – every aspect of the language has a rich history of development, influenced by other languages during its journey towards standardization. This paper focuses on one aspect – the spelling. Its development will be traced through all the important periods of the English language (Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English, and Modern English) in section two (The English language). The Early Modern English period was the period of the English Renaissance and the spelling reforms. The wish for standardization was at its highest state. In section three, some of the changes that occured in the spelling system, will be taken from some of the most important works of English literature (Beowulf, The Peterborough Chronicles, The Ormulum, The Canterbury Tales) and language development (A Guide to the English Tongue, The Universal Spelling-Book or, A New and Easy Guide to the English Language, The American Spelling Book: Containing the Rudiments of the English Language, for the Use of Schools in the United States), as well as named and compared. In the conclusion, all the important facts connected with the history of the English language and the historical development of its spelling system, will be briefly summarized

Kamtok - kamerunski pidžin

Cameroonian Pidgin English, discussed in this paper, is a linguistic entity of Cameroon. Its speakers usually call it pidgin or country talk and linguists refer to it as Cameroon(ian) Pidgin (English), but recently the media has begun to use Kamtok, to stress that it is local and useful, despite having no official status. It is an English-based creole language spoken by about 5% of Cameroonians (as native speakers of the language), while an estimated 50% of the population speaks it in some form. It is a blend of English, French and indigenous languages. Kamtok has various forms, reflecting the age, education, regional provenance, mother tongue, and linguistic proficiency of its users. It has relatively high prestige, and is preferred informally among Africans of different ethnic groups, ranking just below French and English as a vehicle for mobility from rural villages into modern urban life. It sustains a world view, culture and way of life. It facilitates social intercourse among people who originate from different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. It is rich, exciting and vigorous. Kamtok accommodates grammatical distortions and deviations from syntactic conventions. It is one of so many mixed languages that exist on the African continent and that shows the linguistic/cultural richness of Africans

Post-exposure prophylaxis of meningococcal disease

Invazivna meningokokna bolest (IMB) javlja se najčešće sporadično, ali iznenada i s visokim letalitetom. Uzročnik se prenosi kapljičnim putem iz nazofarinksa asimptomatskog kliconoše ili oboljele osobe, češće tijekom zimskih mjeseci. U Hrvatskoj, kao i u drugim dijelovima Europe, IMB najčešće uzrokuje Neisseria meningitidis serološke grupe B. Prosječna incidencija IMB u Hrvatskoj u proteklih petnaestak godina iznosi 1,07 na 100 000 stanovnika, dok u Brodsko-posavskoj županiji iznosi 0,78 na 100 000 stanovnika. Oboljeli se obavezno liječe u bolnici, a pravovremeno započeto antimikrobno liječenje povećava vjerojatnost povoljnog ishoda bolesti. Zbog visoke stope smrtnosti IMB, javnozdravstvene aktivnosti usmjerene su na otkrivanje bliskih kontakata u kojih se mora provesti pravodobna i učinkovita kemoprofilaksa. U ovom radu prikazujemo slučaj šestogodišnje djevojčice oboljele od IMB i protuepidemijske mjere provedene u cilju sprječavanja sekundarnih slučajeva.Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) occurs most often sporadically, but suddenly and with high mortality rates. The pathogen is transmitted by droplets from the nasopharynx of asymptomatic carrier or patient, commonly during the cold season. Serogroup B meningococcus dominates in Croatia as elsewhere in Europe. The average incidence over the past fifteen years has been 1,07 per 100 000 population in Croatia while in the Brod – Posavina County the average incidence has been 0,78 per 100 000 population. Patients with IMD should be hospitalized and treated immediately with antibiotics to improve patient outcome. Due to the high mortality rates of meningococcal disease, public health activities are focused on providing timely and effective chemoprophylaxis to close contacts. We describe a six-year-old girl with IMD and post-exposure prophylaxis activities in order to prevent secondary cases

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About Salt Intake in Croatian Continental Rural Population

High salt intake is important risk factor for hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding salt intake in rural population in continental Croatia. Data were obtained by standardized questionnaire in 928 adult subjects (586 women and 342 men). Results have shown low level of awareness (~60%) of salt risk. Women were more aware about the harmful effects of salt and could identify some food with higher concentration of salt. Participants were not aware through which food is the highest salt intake. Our results urge the need for national projects and public health campaigns that would raise the awareness of salt intake, need for health education particularly for rural population. Food industry and nutritionists should become partners in this initiative

National Program of Colorectal Carcinoma Early Detection in Brod-Posavina County (East Croatia)

Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a major public health problem as the third leading malignant tumor in men and fourth in women in Croatia. Prognosis and treatment greatly depend on tumor stage at the time of detection. Therefore, the National Program of Colorectal Carcinoma Early Detection has been performed since 2007. The aim is to present the response rate, colonoscopy findings and number of newly detected CRC cases in Brod-Posavina County. During five years of the National Program performance, 28 CRC cases were detected in Brod-Posavina County, with the 3.3‰ rate of carci- noma detection. The majority of CRC cases were found in the 50–64 age group. The response rate in the County was low (20.4%), corresponding to the national rate but far from the recommended one. Such a result could be attributed to the low level of awareness in the population at large, complex testing technique for general population, fear from disease de- tection and from colonoscopy as a diagnostic procedure. Note should be made of the underestimated role of family physi- cians; their involvement in the National Program should certainly result in better response rate in our County as well as at the national level

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice About Salt Intake in Croatian Continental Rural Population

High salt intake is important risk factor for hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding salt intake in rural population in continental Croatia. Data were obtained by standardized questionnaire in 928 adult subjects (586 women and 342 men). Results have shown low level of awareness (~60%) of salt risk. Women were more aware about the harmful effects of salt and could identify some food with higher concentration of salt. Participants were not aware through which food is the highest salt intake. Our results urge the need for national projects and public health campaigns that would raise the awareness of salt intake, need for health education particularly for rural population. Food industry and nutritionists should become partners in this initiative

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) as one of the indicators of possible environmental pollution by metals and metalloids in Eastern Croatia

Svrha: Nakon biomonitoringa (serum, kosa, urin) lokalnog stanovništva, te okolišnog monitoringa putem uzoraka tla, vode i jestivog samoniklog bilja istočne Hrvatske, u okviru istraživanja opeterećenosti metalima i metaloidima, kao mogućoj posljedici ratnih zbivanja, s područja gdje je poljoprivredna djelatnost ponovo saživjela, izuzimani su uzorci kupusa (zelja), odličnog indikatora taloženja teških metala i metaloida u okolišu. Cilj istraživanja: Hipoteza studije je da su na području istočne Hrvatske, u područjima izloženim borbenim djelovanjima, u okolišu i populaciji, prisutne povećane koncentracije metala i metaloida povezanih s ratnim djelovanjima u odnosu na područja koja su bila pošteđena ratnih djelovanja. Cilj je bio utvrditi postoje li razlike u koncentracijama metala i metaloida uspoređujući lokacije visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD) s lokacijama niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD). Osim toga pokušala se utvrditi moguća međusobna povezanost kontaminacije s metalima u tlu i kod ljudi, te postoji li podudarnost po pitanju mogućih „vrućih točaka“, mjesta značajno opterećenih metalima. Materijal i metode: Ukupno je s 14 lokacija izuzeto 14 uzoraka kupusa i to 12 uzoraka s lokacija visokog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LVIBD), te dva uzorka s lokacija niskog inteziteta borbenih djelovanja (LNIBD) sa 14 lokacija. Koncentracije 20 metala i metaloida (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, U, V i Zn), koji se koriste u vojne svrhe, utvrđivane su postupkom induktivno suspregnute plazme i spektrometrije masa ICP-MS. Rezultati: Koncentracije metala obuhvaćane Pravilnikom (As, Cd, Hg i Pb) bile su unutar MDK na svim lokacijama, dok za ostale istraživane elemente nije uočena razlika između LVIBD i LNIBD (p = 0,78; Mann-Whitney U test). Koncentracije metala i metaloida u kupusu nisu značajno korelirale s koncentracijama u uzorcima tla, osim u slučaju Cd, gdje je uočena slaba do umjerena korelacija (Pearsonov koeficijent tlo /kupus = -0,57; p = 0.031; p < 0,05). Analizom glavnih komponenti (PCA) utvrđen je kompaktan središnji klaster (roj), te dva klastera s lokacija Dopsin i Dalj u kojima su koncentracije svih elemenata, osim Hg, bile nešto više. Zaključci: I kupus kao indikator onečišćenja okoliša metalima ukazuje da ukupna opterećenost metalima u istočnoj Hrvatskoj nakon Domovinskog rata nije visoka. Ipak, na primjeru kupusa potvrđeno je mjesto Dalj kao „vruća točka“, sukladno ranije utvrđenim pozitivnim korelacijama Al, Fe, Mg i Ni na istoj lokaciji u kosi, tlu i maslačku, te B, Cu, Si, Sr i Zn u serumu, urinu i vodi, što ukazuje na mogući isti izvor i mehanizam prenošenja metala.Purpose: Within the framework of research on metal and metalloid presence, as a possible consequence of the war, the areas in Eastern Croatia where agricultural activity reestablished biomonitoring (serum, hair, urine) of the local population and environmental monitoring through samples of soil, water and edible wild plants was conducted and samples of cabbage, an indicator for heavy metals and metalloids in the environment, were collected. Aim: The hypothesis of the study is that in areas of Eastern Croatian exposed to combat operations, such as the environment and population, the presence of increased concentrations of metals and metalloids is associated with war activities in relation to the areas that were spared from war. The goal was to determine whether there are differences in the concentrations of metals and metalloids comparing locations of high intensity combat action (HICA) with locations of low intensity combat action (LICA). Besides this, the attempt was to determine the possible interconnection of contamination with metals in the soil and in humans, and whether there was a coincidence in terms of potential "hot spots", places significantly loaded with metals. Materials and Methods: A total of 14 sites included 14 samples of cabbage, where 12 samples from locations of high intensity combat action (HICA) and two (2) samples from locations of low intensity combat action (LICA). The concentrations of 20 metals and metalloids (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sr, In, V, and Zn), which are used for military purposes, were determined by inductive procedure of restrained plasma mass spectrometry ICP-MS. Results: The concentration of metals covered by Regulations (As, Cd, Hg and Pb) were within the MRL on all locations, while in the other investigated elements there was no difference between HICA and LICA (p = 0.78; Mann-Whitney U test). The concentration of metals and metalloids in cabbage was not significantly correlated with the concentration in the soil samples, except in the case of Cd, where the negative correlation (Pearson coefficient soil /cabbage = -0.57; p = 0.031; p < 0.05) was observed. The principal component analysis (PCA) determined a compact central cluster, and two clusters on locations Dopsin and Dalj, where the concentration of all the elements, except for Hg, was higher. Conclusions: Even cabbage, as an indicator of environmental contamination with metals, indicates that after the war the total load of metal in Eastern Croatia is not high. However, the cabbage also confirmed the locality of Dalj as a "hot spot", accordingly to previously established positive correlations of Al, Fe, Mg and Ni in hair, soil and dandelion, and B, Cu, Si, Sr and Zn correlations in serum, urine and water in that same location, indicating a possible common source and mechanism of transferring metals

From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) dataset will dramatically alter our understanding of the Universe, from the origins of the Solar System to the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Much of this research will depend on the existence of robust, tested, and scalable algorithms, software, and services. Identifying and developing such tools ahead of time has the potential to significantly accelerate the delivery of early science from LSST. Developing these collaboratively, and making them broadly available, can enable more inclusive and equitable collaboration on LSST science. To facilitate such opportunities, a community workshop entitled "From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST" was organized by the LSST Interdisciplinary Network for Collaboration and Computing (LINCC) and partners, and held at the Flatiron Institute in New York, March 28-30th 2022. The workshop included over 50 in-person attendees invited from over 300 applications. It identified seven key software areas of need: (i) scalable cross-matching and distributed joining of catalogs, (ii) robust photometric redshift determination, (iii) software for determination of selection functions, (iv) frameworks for scalable time-series analyses, (v) services for image access and reprocessing at scale, (vi) object image access (cutouts) and analysis at scale, and (vii) scalable job execution systems. This white paper summarizes the discussions of this workshop. It considers the motivating science use cases, identified cross-cutting algorithms, software, and services, their high-level technical specifications, and the principles of inclusive collaborations needed to develop them. We provide it as a useful roadmap of needs, as well as to spur action and collaboration between groups and individuals looking to develop reusable software for early LSST science.Comment: White paper from "From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST" worksho

From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST

editorial reviewedThe Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) dataset will dramatically alter our understanding of the Universe, from the origins of the Solar System to the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Much of this research will depend on the existence of robust, tested, and scalable algorithms, software, and services. Identifying and developing such tools ahead of time has the potential to significantly accelerate the delivery of early science from LSST. Developing these collaboratively, and making them broadly available, can enable more inclusive and equitable collaboration on LSST science. To facilitate such opportunities, a community workshop entitled "From Data to Software to Science with the Rubin Observatory LSST" was organized by the LSST Interdisciplinary Network for Collaboration and Computing (LINCC) and partners, and held at the Flatiron Institute in New York, March 28-30th 2022. The workshop included over 50 in-person attendees invited from over 300 applications. It identified seven key software areas of need: (i) scalable cross-matching and distributed joining of catalogs, (ii) robust photometric redshift determination, (iii) software for determination of selection functions, (iv) frameworks for scalable time-series analyses, (v) services for image access and reprocessing at scale, (vi) object image access (cutouts) and analysis at scale, and (vii) scalable job execution systems. This white paper summarizes the discussions of this workshop. It considers the motivating science use cases, identified cross-cutting algorithms, software, and services, their high-level technical specifications, and the principles of inclusive collaborations needed to develop them. We provide it as a useful roadmap of needs, as well as to spur action and collaboration between groups and individuals looking to develop reusable software for early LSST science