The impact of COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine on the return and risk of DJIA stocks

Every crisis has an impact on the global economy, on national economies and also causes disruptions in the financial market. Economic theory expects repeated economic crises. In the past, economic crises were mostly a rare phenomenon. Currently, the frequency of their outbreaks is higher. Therefore it can be assumed with certainty that the crisis caused by Covid-19 and the crisis caused by the conflict in Ukraine are not the last global crises that will affect the global economy and, therefore, the world financial and stock markets. In history, every recession in the stock markets was only temporary, so investing during a crisis is also of great opportunity, even if it has its peculiarities. When investing, the investor must emphasize a certain level of risk and the expected returns. The contribution aims to present the possible use of income and risk analysis in investment operations by investors so that an unquestionable certainty of the invested financial amount and a satisfactory return are ensured. The analysis of these indicators was carried out on historical data of selected components of the stock index Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) in the pre-crisis period, in the crisis period caused by the Covid-19 virus, and in the crisis period caused by the war conflict in Ukraine. The presented approach of analysing the returns and risk of DJIA index shares provides the investor with an effective tool for deciding on the placement of available funds on the financial market in individual segments in all three monitored periods

CAR SCRAP YARDS NETWORK IN SLOVAKIA

The paper is focused on specific location-allocation problem aimed to determine a set of scrap yardsfor vehicle decommissioning in Slovakia. The goal is to determine scrap yards network so that itis not prohibitive to pass old car for dismantling and further processing wherever former ownerlives. Two approaches are considered. Once we consider the case when it is necessary to constructa completely new network of scrap yards, which results to setting of their minimum numbers andalso their location. In the latter case, the already existing network of scrap yards is considered,while the model provides its extension, in order to achieve the desired values of accessibility forall residents. The results were applied to an existing network of scrap yards identifying locationsto build new scrap yards. Areas where whole new network of scrap yards must be built were alsoidentified

Analysis of changes in concentration slovak banking sector based on goal programming

One of the most widely used indices for measuring the concentration of industry is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). The analysis of its changes enables examines changes in the concentration of the market in case of new business entity entry. The analysis is based on the assumption that after entering the relevant market a new business entity receives a proportion of its total volume, with the advent of a new business entity to market its total volume expands in a proportional reduction in the volume of the market for operating entities. Analysis was applied to the task of goal programming which is based on the methodology of the European Union, that allows characterize the changes in the concentration of the relevant market. In this paper data about Slovak Republic banking sector were used to calculate limits for number of clients for Slovak banking market entering bank. Limits represent boundaries of clients between banks in case of banking sector concentration change in Slovak Republic

The impact of COVID-19 and the conflict in Ukraine on the return and risk of DJIA stocks

Every crisis has an impact on the global economy, on national economies and also causes disruptions in the financial market. Economic theory expects repeated economic crises. In the past, economic crises were mostly a rare phenomenon. Currently, the frequency of their outbreaks is higher. Therefore it can be assumed with certainty that the crisis caused by Covid-19 and the crisis caused by the conflict in Ukraine are not the last global crises that will affect the global economy and, therefore, the world financial and stock markets. In history, every recession in the stock markets was only temporary, so investing during a crisis is also of great opportunity, even if it has its peculiarities. When investing, the investor must emphasize a certain level of risk and the expected returns. The contribution aims to present the possible use of income and risk analysis in investment operations by investors so that an unquestionable certainty of the invested financial amount and a satisfactory return are ensured. The analysis of these indicators was carried out on historical data of selected components of the stock index Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) in the pre-crisis period, in the crisis period caused by the Covid-19 virus, and in the crisis period caused by the war conflict in Ukraine. The presented approach of analysing the returns and risk of DJIA index shares provides the investor with an effective tool for deciding on the placement of available funds on the financial market in individual segments in all three monitored periods

Location problem of Osmia cornuta nesting aids for optimum pollination.

The economic contribution of insect pollinators is evident as they contribute to higher crop yield quantity and quality. The management of bee species is key to crop production, especially where wild and domesticated bees are in low abundance. Several bee species have been identified as possible candidates for replacing, or at least supplementing, the decreasing number of honey bees. Our research seeks to address the location problem as regards nesting aids for Osmia cornuta bees in orchards using mathematical programming models for determining the optimal location of nesting aids and optimizing the management of solitary bees. A differential evolution algorithm is used to solve a location model of Osmia cornuta nesting aids for optimum pollination. Instead of a random ad hoc location of nesting aids in an orchard, or at the edge of an orchard, we utilize an effective optimization tool to determine locations which will optimize pollination by alternative pollinators, and increase the economic output of an agricultural business. The importance of this proposed model is likely to increase with agricultural intensification, and the decrease of the numbers of wild pollinators