Comparación de la respuesta agronómica de varios clones de tempranillo comerciales y de nuevo desarrollo

Durante 5 años, se realizó la evaluación de 6 clones de Tempranillo en condiciones de riego deficitario controlado. La parcela experimental se encuentra en el C T V V El Socor ro (Colmenar de Oreja, Madrid). Se emplearon como testigos los clones comerciales el RJ75 y C L306. Los clones a evaluar se denominaron MDR-1, MDR-2, MDR-3 y MDR-4. Los parámetros evaluados fueron: el rendimiento y sus componentes, el vigor, la composición básica del mosto y la maduración polifenólica. Las diferencias más destacadas entre los clones se han debido al rendimiento y vigor. MDR-1 es el que de manera más constante obtiene mayor rendimiento. Su tendencia a baya pequeña garantiza la maduración de su gran cosecha. Su moderado desar rollo vegetativo le permite ahor rar agua avanzada la campaña. La alto índice de Ravaz es el responsable de que la maduración se vea ralentizada. Es el que obtuvo menor concentración polifenólica. El clon RJ75 tiene un alto potencial productivo, baya de tamaño medio y sarmiento de vigor medio por lo que se recomienda en zona cálida, con potencial ciclo largo y con disponibilidad de agua que garantice la maduración de una cosecha generosa y la actividad fotosintética de una gran cantidad de hojas. El clon MDR-2 es ligeramente menos productivo que los anteriores y con desar rollo vegetativo intermedio podría cultivarse en zonas de ciclo más corto y con mayor disponibilidad de agua que el MDR-1. El clon C L306 presenta un rendimiento medio en el conjunto de los clones estudiados. El vigor es medio-alto por lo que se recomendaría en zonas templadas y frescas en las que el ciclo sea corto. Es el que ha obtenido una concentración polifenólica más alta en el conjunto de los años. MDR-3 tiene un rendimiento interanual muy variable. MDR-4 tiene un rendimiento bajo y desar rollo vegetativo medio. Sería indicado para zonas frescas, de longitud de ciclo ajustada

Efectos del déficit hídrico en pre-envero sobre la composición de vinos tintos jóvenes ( Vi tis vini fera L., cv. Cabernet sauvignon) en Madrid. España.

Se estudiaron los efectos del riego en un viñedo de la variedad de uva Cabernet sauvignon en la región Madrid, España, con el fin de determinar el efecto del riego desde brotación hasta envero. Es habitual, en zonas cálidas y secas, que el crecimiento de la baya y su rendimiento se limiten, afectando a la composición de la uva y por lo tanto a la calidad de sus vinos. Este ensayo tuvo como objetivo atenuar dichos efectos, estimulando el metabolismo y crecimiento mediante aportes de agua previos al estado fenológico de envero y estudiar como este hecho afectó a la calidad final del vino y a su composición

Cluster microclimate (light and thermal) is a key point of grape maturity in mediterranean semiarid conditions

Se estudian la influencia en el microclima de racimos (temperatura e iluminación) de tres sistemas de conducción en la variedad Syrah en una zona calida

Yield and sugar accumulating capacities of Airén cultivar. A preliminary study

Airén is the most worldwide spread white grape cultivar, high yielding, well adapted to hot, dry conditions, and not very sensitive to fungal diseases. Its largest growing region is La Mancha, where Airén has been traditionally bush trained, spur pruned and grown with no irrigation. However, grape growing has evolved to meet the need for higher yields and harvest mechanization; and modern cultural practices train grape vines to simple multi-wire trellis systems, cane pruned, and usually irrigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the yield and sugar accumulating capacities of Airén cultivar with regard to leaf area, and to assess the influence that different yield components have on yield. In 2014, five commercial irrigated vineyards, located in La Mancha, of different ages, and grafted onto different rootstocks were selected for this study. Canopy surface area (SA) was measured at maturity. Berry weight and sugar concentration were measured during ripening on a weekly basis. Yield and yield components were determined at harvest. Values for shoot density ranged 2.3-5.1 shoots/m2; SA, 0.6-1.1 m2/m2; yield, 20-40 t/ha; fertility, 1.1-1.7 bunches/shoot; bunch weight, 450-650 g; berry weight, 2.5-2.9 g; and sugar concentration, 17-21 ºBrix. The number of bunches per shoot was the yield component that had the greatest influence on yield. The number of berries was the main contributing factor to bunch weight. A lineal relationship between SA/yield and sugar concentration was observed, with values of SA/yield ranging from 0.20 to 0.45 m2/kg. A ratio SA/yield of approximately 0.4 m2/kg was needed to reach a value of 20 ºBrix. Hence it would be necessary a SA of 12000 m2/ha, under the conditions of this study, to achieve a 30 t/ha yield, and a sugar concentration of 20 ºBrix. These results are a step forward in the study of the Airén cultivar, being of help for grape growers in the center area of Spain in order to maximize crop yield and sugar accumulation

Effects of soil management in vineyard on soil physical and chemical characteristics

Cover crops in Mediterranean vineyards are scarcely used due to water competition between the cover crop and the grapevine; however, bare soil management through tillage or herbicides tends to have negative effects on the soil over time (organic matter decrease, soil structure and soil fertility degradation, compaction, etc). The objective of this study was to understand how soil management affects soil fertility, compaction and infiltration over time. To this end, two bare soil techniques were compared, tillage (TT) and total herbicide (HT) with two cover crops; annual cereal (CT) and annual grass (AGT), established for 8 years. CT treatment showed the highest organic matter content, having the biggest amount of biomass incorporated into the soil. The annual adventitious vegetation in TT treatment (568 kg dry matter ha-1) that was incorporated into the soil, kept the organic matter content higher than HT levels and close to AGT level, in spite of the greater aboveground annual biomass production of this treatment (3632 kg dry matter ha-1) whereas only its roots were incorporated into the soil. TT presented the highest bulk density under the tractor track lines and a greatest resistance to penetration (at 0.2 m depth). AGT presented bulk density values (upper 0.4 m) lower than TT and penetration resistance in CT lower (at 0.20 m depth) than TT too. Effects of soil management in vineyard on soil physical and chemical characteristics - ResearchGate. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/268520480_Effects_of_soil_management_in_vineyard_on_soil_physical_and_chemical_characteristics [accessed May 20, 2015]

Influence of shoot number on the global productivity of positioned and non-positioned training systems

The global productivity of a vineyard is conditioned by the development of leaf area. The shoot density and the spatial distribution of leaf area influence the porosity of the canopy and the production of dry matter. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the shoot density in the production of biomass in renewable parts and in the canopy microclimate, in both positioned and non-positioned training systems. The trial was developed during 2013 and 2014, in a Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard in Albacete (Spain). In two different training systems, one positioned -Vertical Shoot Positioned (VSP)- and another not positioned -Sprawl-, three levels of shoot density were established: 35 000, 55 000 and 70 000 shoots per hectare. At maturity the total leaf area, the external leaf area and the volume occupied by the canopy were determined, and the leaf area density was calculated. At the end of ripening, the biomass produced in renewable vegetative organs ?leaves and shoots- and reproductive organs -cluster - were determined. The higher the shoot density was the greater the production of total biomass, due to increased biomass production in clusters. The individual shoot vigour offset the differences in shoot density, so no differences were observed in the production of vegetative biomass due to the shoot density. The increases of vegetative growth and biomass accumulation due to increased shoot density were higher in Sprawl, the not positioned training system, than in VSP, the positioned one. In 2013, with the increasing of the density of shoot, the amount of biomass produced by leaf area increased in both training systems. But in 2014, no significant differences were found. The increase of leaf area density caused by the increase of the shoot number was higher in VSP than Sprawl. With higher density of shoot, canopy have higher densities of leaf area and therefore less porous

Efectos de las diferentes estrategias de riego en la composición del vino y su perfil sensorial (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Cabernet sauvignon)

La preocupación por las consecuencias que puede ocasionar a la viticultura el cambio climático, se ven reflejadas en muchos de los estudios que existen en los últimos años. En las actuales zonas de producción, estos cambios podrían tener importantes consecuencias, tanto en la calidad de la uva como en su potencial productivo. El objetivo marcado en este ensayo, consistió en evaluar como el déficit hídrico en climas secos afectó a la calidad y composición de sus vinos. El diseño experimental se llevó a cabo en un viñedo comercial de la variedad Cabernet sauvignon, en Madrid, en 2010 y 2011. Los tratamientos fueron: i) déficit moderado continuo, (T0,45-0,6), ii) déficit severo continuo (T0-0,3), iii) déficit severo post-envero (T0,45-0,3), iv) déficit severo pre-envero (T0-0,6). Se microvinificaron los cuatro tratamiento y los vinos resultantes fueron analizados y evaluados organolépticamente. Los resultados mostraron que la calidad organoléptica de los vinos no se vio afectada por el déficit, pero si por el efecto año, y sólo la concentración en ácido málico fue un factor diferenciador

Factors affecting berry composition of Tempranillo grapevines before the arrest of phloem transport.

It is already known that berry ripening is determined by the leaf area/fruit ratio, as well as temperature and leaf physiology. The aim of this work was to assess the influence of these parameters on Tempranillo cultivar throughout stage III of berry development

IL-6 serum levels predict severity and response to tocilizumab in COVID-19: An observational study

Background: Patients with coronavirus disaese 2019 (COVID-19) can develop a cytokine release syndrome that eventually leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Because IL-6 is a relevant cytokine in acute respiratory distress syndrome, the blockade of its receptor with tocilizumab (TCZ) could reduce mortality and/or morbidity in severe COVID-19. Objective: We sought to determine whether baseline IL-6 serum levels can predict the need for IMV and the response to TCZ. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed in hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Clinical information and laboratory findings, including IL-6 levels, were collected approximately 3 and 9 days after admission to be matched with preadministration and postadministration of TCZ. Multivariable logistic and linear regressions and survival analysis were performed depending on outcomes: need for IMV, evolution of arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio, or mortality. Results: One hundred forty-six patients were studied, predominantly males (66%); median age was 63 years. Forty-four patients (30%) required IMV, and 58 patients (40%) received treatment with TCZ. IL-6 levels greater than 30 pg/mL was the best predictor for IMV (odds ratio, 7.1; P < .001). Early administration of TCZ was associated with improvement in oxygenation (arterial oxygen tension/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio) in patients with high IL-6 (P = .048). Patients with high IL-6 not treated with TCZ showed high mortality (hazard ratio, 4.6; P = .003), as well as those with low IL-6 treated with TCZ (hazard ratio, 3.6; P = .016). No relevant serious adverse events were observed in TCZ-treated patients. Conclusions: Baseline IL-6 greater than 30 pg/mL predicts IMV requirement in patients with COVID-19 and contributes to establish an adequate indication for TCZ administrationThis study was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) and Instituto de Salud Carlos III (grant nos. RD16/0011/0012 and PI18/ 0371 to I.G.A., grant no. PI19/00549 to A.A., and grant no. SAF2017-82886-R to F.S.-M.) and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The study was also funded by ‘‘La Caixa Banking Foundation’’ (grant no. HR17-00016 to F.S.-M.) and ‘‘Fondos Supera COVID19’’ by Banco de Santander and CRUE. None of these sponsors have had any role in study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publicatio

R-Allyl Nickel(II) Complexes with Chelating N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Catalytic Activity

The N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) nickel complexes [(L)Ni(NHC)][BArF4] (ArF = 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)- phenyl; L = allyl (1), methylallyl (2); NHC = 1-(2-picolyl)-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene (a), 1-(2-picolyl)-3-isopropylimidazol-2-ylidene (b), 1-(2-picolyl)-3-n-butylimidazol-2-ylidene (c), 1-(2-picolyl)-3-phenylimidazol-2-ylidene (d), 1-(2-picolyl)-3- methylbenzoimidazol-2-ylidene (e), 1-(2-picolyl)-4,5-dichloro-3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene (f)) have been obtained in high yields and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, 1d was unambiguously characterized by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Complexes 1a−f/2a−f have shown catalytic activity toward dimerization and hydrosilylation of styrenes. In particular, 1a proved to be the most efficient catalyst in the dimerization of styrene derivatives in the absence of cocatalyst. Also, complexes 1a,d showed high selectivity and moderate to good yields in hydrosilylation reactions