Strong floristic distinctiveness across Neotropical successional forests

Forests that regrow naturally on abandoned fields are important for restoring biodiversity and ecosystem services, but can they also preserve the distinct regional tree floras? Using the floristic composition of 1215 early successional forests (≤20 years) in 75 human-modified landscapes across the Neotropic realm, we identified 14 distinct floristic groups, with a between-group dissimilarity of 0.97. Floristic groups were associated with location, bioregions, soil pH, temperature seasonality, and water availability. Hence, there is large continental-scale variation in the species composition of early successional forests, which is mainly associated with biogeographic and environmental factors but not with human disturbance indicators. This floristic distinctiveness is partially driven by regionally restricted species belonging to widespread genera. Early secondary forests contribute therefore to restoring and conserving the distinctiveness of bioregions across the Neotropical realm, and forest restoration initiatives should use local species to assure that these distinct floras are maintained

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Soil fertility gradients shape the agrobiodiversity of Amazonian homegardens

The importance of homegardens for the conservation of agrobiodiversity, the maintenance of farm ecosystem processes, and the economic and food security of rural populations worldwide is increasingly recognized. While biophysical and socio-economic conditions are considered to influence homegarden management, and affect their ecological and societal relevance, little is known about how variation in soil properties affects these agroecosystems. By combining soil data with extensive botanical inventories, we investigated how farmers' use and management of soil variation results in differences in the structure, diversity and the floristic composition of homegardens in Central Amazonia. We sampled 70 homegardens located along the gradient from low-fertility Ferralsols to Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), i.e., fertile anthropogenic soils created by pre-Columbian populations at least 500 years ago. Our results show that several characteristics of homegardens are significantly influenced by variation in soil texture and fertility. While differences in soil texture are due to natural soil variation, observed heterogeneity in soil fertility was largely the result of pre-Columbian and modern soil transformations. Homegardens on sandier soils tended to be more diverse in plant species and to have more individual plants; homegardens on more fertile soils tended to have fewer trees and palms, more herbs, shrubs and climbers, and a higher total number of species and landraces; variation in soil fertility was significantly related to differences in the composition of species and landraces. Our results show that farmers' use of natural and anthropogenic variation in soil properties influences agrobiodiversity patterns in homegardens. Pre-Columbian and modern soil enrichment increases soil heterogeneity in the landscape, resulting in strong soil fertility gradients that shape the agrobiodiversity of current Amazonian homegardens.</p

Identification of subclinical mastitis caused by Mycoplasma spp. from screenings of bulk tanks

ABSTRACT Mastitis caused by Mycoplasma spp., regardless of species, are considered highly contagious pathogens and, usually was not responsive to antimicrobial therapy. Five dairy herds, comprising 489 animals and 1,956 mammary glands, were used in this study. Milk samples were obtained from bulk tanks and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Mollicutes, Mycoplasma spp., and Mycoplasma bovis. Moreover, individual samples from cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis in quarters of the dairy herds’ animals that yielded a positive PCR upon bulk tank analysis were subjected to molecular analysis. Only one bulk tank was positive for class Mollicutes by PCR. All positive samples classified as mastitis teats had their DNA extracted and tested by PCR for both class Mollicutes and M. bovis. Of these, two (2.08%) were positive for Mycoplasma genus, although none was positive for M. bovis. This result suggests that the PCR of bulk tanks is a viable tool in monitoring and preventing mastitis infections caused by Mycoplasma spp

Substratos na produção hidropônica de mudas de hortelã Mint seedlings assessment of different substrates in hydroponic cultivation

O crescimento normal e a formação de plantas com qualidade comercial dependem da produção de boas mudas e para isso, faz-se necessário o uso de um substrato adequado à espécie. A hidroponia mostra-se uma técnica promissora em virtude das vantagens que esse método apresenta: economia de substrato, produção de mudas com alto índice de pegamento e de qualidade. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (RS.) com objetivo de avaliar o efeito de substratos (sem substrato, substrato espuma fenólica e substrato organo-mineral), para produção de mudas de hortelã (Mentha x villosa) em cultivo hidropônico através do método de propagação vegetativa por estaquia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e 20 repetições, usando-se uma planta por repetição. As variáveis analisadas foram: número de folhas e altura de planta aos 7; 14; 21 e 28 dias após o transplante, e fitomassa seca e fresca 35 dias após o transplante. O substrato espuma fenólica apresentou os melhores resultados na produção de fitomassa fresca (2,65 g planta-1) e seca (0,23 g planta¹). Para as demais variáveis analisadas os substratos espuma fenólica e organo-mineral não diferiram significativamente entre si, mas foram superiores ao tratamento sem substrato (direto em solução).<br>The normal growth and the formation of plants with quality for commercialization depends on good seedlings production. The right substrate has to be used. Hydroponic cultivation holds certain advantages: saving substrate, resulting in good establishment of the crop and quality of seedlings production. The experiment was carried out at the University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The effect of substrates (without substrate, phenolic foam substrate and organicmineral substrates) was determined on the production of mint (Mentha x villosa) transplants by cuttings vegetable methods in hydroponics. The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three treatments and 20 replications, one plant being used in each repetition. We evaluated: height and number of leaves at 7; 14; 21 and 28 days after the transplant. Fresh and dry matter weight 35 days after transplant were also analyzed. The phenolic foam substrate showed the best results in relation to the production of fresh and dry matter. Phenolic foam and the organicmineral substrates were not significantly different, but were significantly superior to the treatment (direct in solution) without substrate