戦前日本のサナトリウムにおける日光療法：正木不如丘の 事例から

かつてミシェル・フーコーが「生命＝史」（bio-histoire）と呼んだ、人類と医学的介入の関係の歴史を記述することは、現在においても重要な課題として残されている。本稿は、戦前日本のサナトリウム（結核療養所）で主に結核患者を対象に行われていた日光療法という医療実践の一端を明らかにするものである。とりわけ、正木不如丘（1887-1962）が行っていた医療実践を事例とすることで、近代日本の結核をめぐる「生命＝史」の端緒を開く試みとしたい。　明治以降の近代化を社会的背景に、結核は人びとの生を脅かす伝染病として大正・昭和初期の社会で蔓延していた。そうしたなか、日光（紫外線）に結核菌を殺菌する作用があるということが発見されると、1920 年代半ばまでには日本においても日光の紫外線を利用するサナトリウムが見られるようになった。しかし、実地での治療は容易ではなかったことから、富士見高原療養所の正木は日光療法を行うための最適な条件―日光浴場の配置や構造、設備など―に細やかな注意を払う必要があった。また、日光療法の科学的根拠を発見することができなかったがゆえに、正木は苦悩しながら日光による治療を実践していた。The history of the relationship between humankind and medical intervention, what Michel Foucault once called “bio-histoire”, remains an important issue today. To make the beginning of “bio-histoire” of the tuberculosis in modern Japan, we will clarify the medical practices of the　heliotherapy for patients in the sanatorium during the pre-war period. In particular, we will focus on the work of Fujokyu Masaki.With modernization after the Meiji era as a social background, the tuberculosis was widespread in the Taisho and early Showa era as an infectious disease that threatened the lives of people. Once it was discovered that sunlight’s ultraviolet rays have the effect of killing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sanatoriums that use them began to be seen in Japan by the middle of the 1920s. However, because the treatment in the field wasn’t easy, Masaki needed to pay close attention to the optimal conditions such as the placement, structure, and facilities of sunbathing bath for conducting sunlight therapy in the field. In addition, he had enough trouble with the therapeutic use of sunlight because he was unable to find the scientific basis for the effect of it

cis9, trans11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Differentiates Mouse 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes into Mature Small Adipocytes through Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to exhibit a number of therapeutic effects in animal models and patients, such as anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the underlying mechanism is not well-characterized. In the present study, the effects of cis(c)9, trans(t)11-CLA on the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes were examined. Treatment with c9, t11-CLA in the presence of insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (differentiation cocktail) significantly stimulated the accumulation of triacylglycerol. The microscopic observation of cells stained by Oil Red O demonstrated that c9, t11-CLA increases the amount and proportion of small mature adipocytes secreting adiponectin, a benign adipocytokine, when compared to the differentiation cocktail alone. Furthermore, c9, t11-CLA increased bioactive peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) levels in a nuclear extract of 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting the enhancing effect of this fatty acid on the nuclear transmission of PPARγ, a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest that the therapeutic effects of c9, t11-CLA on lifestyle-related diseases are partially due to the enhanced formation of small adipocytes from preadipocytes via PPARγ stimulation

Using breast radiographers\u27 reports as a second opinion for radiologists\u27 readings of microcalcifications in digital mammography

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate a practical method for incorporating radiographers\u27 reports with radiologists\u27 readings of digital mammograms. Methods: This simulation study was conducted using data from a free-response receiver operating characteristic observer study obtained with 75 cases (25 malignant, 25 benign and 25 normal cases) of digital mammograms. Each of the rating scores obtained by six breast radiographers was utilized as a second opinion for four radiologists\u27 readings with the radiographers\u27 reports. A logical "OR" operation with various criteria settings was simulated for deciding an appropriate method to select a radiographer\u27s report in all combinations of radiologists and radiographers. The average figure of merit (FOM) of the radiologists\u27 performances was statistically analysed using a jackknife procedure (JAFROC) to verify the clinical utility of using radiographers\u27 reports. Results: Potential improvement of the average FOM of the radiologists\u27 performances for identifying malignant microcalcifications could be expected when using radiographers\u27 reports as a second opinion. When the threshold value of 2.6 in Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS®) assessment was applied to adopt/ reject a radiographer\u27s report, FOMs of radiologists\u27 performances were further improved. Conclusion: When using breast radiographers\u27 reports as a second opinion, radiologists\u27 performances potentially improved when reading digital mammograms. It could be anticipated that radiologists\u27 performances were improved further by setting a threshold value on the BIRADS assessment provided by the radiographers. Advances in knowledge: For the effective use of a radiographer\u27s report as a second opinion, radiographers\u27 rating scores and its criteria setting for adoption/ rejection would be necessary

8-Prenylnaringenin tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice and its binding to human serum albumin and cellular uptake in human embryonic kidney cells

8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN), a hop flavonoid, is a promising food substance with health benefits. Compared with nonprenylated naringenin, 8-PN exhibits stronger estrogenic activity and prevents muscle atrophy. Moreover, 8-PN prevents hot flushes and bone loss. Considering that prenylation reportedly improves the bioavailability of flavonoids, we compared the parameters related to the bioavailability [pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in C57/BL6 mice, binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA), and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells] of 8-PN and its mother (non-prenylated) compound naringenin. C57/BL6 mice were fed an 8-PN or naringenin mixed diet for 22 days. The amount of 8-PN (nmol/g tissue) in the kidneys (16.8 ± 9.20), liver (14.8 ± 2.58), muscles (3.33 ± 0.60), lungs (2.07 ± 0.68), pancreas (1.80 ± 0.38), heart (1.71 ± 0.27), spleen (1.36 ± 0.29), and brain (0.31 ± 0.09) was higher than that of naringenin. A pharmacokinetic study in mice demonstrated that the Cmax of 8-PN (50 mg/kg body weight) was lower than that of naringenin; however, the plasma concentration of 8-PN 8 h after ingestion was higher than that of naringenin. The binding affinity of 8-PN to HSA and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells were higher than those of naringenin. 8-PN bioavailability features assessed in mouse or human model experiments were obviously different from those of naringenin

Synchronous neuroendocrine tumors in both the pancreas and ileum: A case report

AbstractIntroductionAlthough it is well-known that in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) disease, multiple endocrine lesions frequently occur, synchronous or metachronous neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in non-MEN 1 patients are extremely rare.Presentation of caseAn asymptomatic 72-year-old woman with an ileal NET was referred to our hospital. Abdominal computed tomography revealed another circular tumor within the pancreatic head. She was classified as a non-MEN 1 patient. An operative procedure was performed with a preoperative diagnosis of synchronous NET, which was confirmed by pathological examination.DiscussionBoth morphologic and immunophenotypic findings were different between in the ileum and pancreas. Therefore, it was reasonable to consider that both tumors were primary tumors. The synchronous occurrence of these tumors is unusual, and it may be considered as a chance occurrence.ConclusionWe here report the first case of synchronous pancreatic NET and ileal NET in a non-MEN 1 patient

ヒューリスティックモデルによる群集シミュレーション

1H1-2 / 2017年度（第31回）人工知能学会全国大会（2017年5月23日-5月26日、名古屋市ウィンクあいち

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Zeolite from Coal Fly Ash by Using NaOH/Na2Co3 Solution

Zeolites have been synthesized through hydrothermal reaction of coal fly ash with alkaline solutions in order to facilitate effective use of the fly ash generated from the coal power stations. The properties of synthesized zeolite were examined by X-ray diffraction, and characterized by cation exchange capacity (CEC) and specific surface area. Each of NaOH solution or Na2CO3 solution was applied to test the effects of alkali type on hydrothermal reaction. The reaction conditions established in the present work ware the ratio of solid and liquid, 1 : 4 and reaction temperature, 393 K for the favored synthesis of zeolite in only few hours without any pretreatment. Only zeolite P was synthesized when 0.5 ～ 3.0 mol/dm3 NaOH was used, whereas both zeolite P and hydroxysodalite were produced in the case of NaOH solution of 4.0 mol/dm3. CEC value of 350 meq/100 g of the zeolite P synthesized with 2.0 mol/dm3 NaOH was sufficient for a cation exchanger. SEM photographs showed the growth of zeolite on the surface of the undissolved fly ash, resulting texture of amorphous fly ash covered with the crystallized zeolite. Sodium carbonate solution of 1.0 mol/dm3 alone failed the synthesis reaction of zeolite, whereas addition of more than 15% of NaOH proceeded the reaction. The thickness of zeolite layer depended on the amount of NaOH

Cardioprotective Effect of Nicorandil, a Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel Opener, Prolongs Survival in HSPB5 R120G Transgenic Mice

BACKGROUND: Transgenic (TG) mice with overexpression of an arg120gly (R120G) missense mutation in HSPB5 display desmin-related cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by formation of aggresomes. It is also known that progressive mitochondrial abnormalities and apoptotic cell death occur in the hearts of R120G TG mice. The role of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in disease progression, however, remains uncertain. METHODS AND RESULTS: Mitochondrial abnormalities and apoptotic cell death induced by overexpression of HSPB5 R120G were analyzed in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of mutant HSPB5 led to development of aggresomes with a concomitant reduction in cell viability in the myocytes. Overexpression of mutant HSPB5 induced a reduction in the cytochrome c level in the mitochondrial fraction and a corresponding increase in the cytoplasmic fraction in the myocytes. Down-regulation of BCL2 and up-regulation of BAX were detected in the myocytes expressing the mutant HSPB5. Concomitant with mitochondrial abnormality, the activation of caspase-3 and increased apoptotic cell death was observed. Cell viability was dose-dependently recovered in myocytes overexpressing HSPB5 R120G by treatment with nicorandil a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener. Nicorandil treatment also inhibited the increase in BAX, the decrease in BCL2, activation of caspase-3 and apoptotic cell death by mutant HSPB5. To confirm the results of the in-vitro study, we analyzed the effect of nicorandil in HSPB5 R120G TG mice. Nicorandil treatment appeared to reduce mitochondrial impairment and apoptotic cell death and prolonged survival in HSPB5 R120G TG mice. CONCLUSIONS: Nicorandil may prolong survival in HSPB5 R120G TG mice by protecting against mitochondrial impairments