The Roles of ROS in Cancer Heterogeneity and Therapy

Cancer comprises a group of heterogeneous diseases encompassing high rates of morbidity and mortality. Heterogeneity, which is a hallmark of cancer, is one of the main factors related to resistance to chemotherapeutic agents leading to poor prognosis. Heterogeneity is profoundly affected by increasing levels of ROS. Under low concentrations, ROS may function as signaling molecules favoring tumorigenesis and heterogeneity, while under high ROS concentrations, these species may work as cancer modulators due to their deleterious, genotoxic or even proapoptotic effect on cancer cells. This double-edged sword effect represented by ROS relies on their ability to cause genetic and epigenetic modifications in DNA structure. Antitumor therapeutic approaches may use molecules that prevent the ROS formation precluding carcinogenesis or use chemical agents that promote a sudden increase of ROS causing considerable oxidative stress inside tumor mass. Therefore, herein, we review what ROS are and how they are produced in normal and in cancer cells while providing an argumentative discussion about their role in cancer pathophysiology. We also describe the various sources of ROS in cancer and their role in tumor heterogeneity. Further, we also discuss some therapeutic strategies from the current landscape of cancer heterogeneity, ROS modulation, or ROS production

The use of transvaginal synthetic mesh for anterior vaginal wall prolapse repair: a randomized controlled trial

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of transvaginal trocar-guided polypropylene mesh insertion with traditional colporrhaphy for treatment of anterior vaginal wall prolapse.This is a randomized controlled trial in which women with advanced anterior vaginal wall prolapse, at least stage II with Ba a parts per thousand yenaEuro parts per thousand+1 cm according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) classification, were randomly assigned to have either anterior colporrhaphy (n = 39) or repair using trocar-guided transvaginal mesh (n = 40). the primary outcome was objective cure rate of the anterior compartment (point Ba) assessed at the 12-month follow-up visit, with stages 0 and I defined as anatomical success. Secondary outcomes included quantification of other vaginal compartments (POP-Q points), comparison of quality of life by the prolapse quality of life (P-QOL) questionnaire, and complication rate between the groups after 1 year. Study power was fixed as 80 % with 5 % cutoff point (p 0.05).Trocar-guided transvaginal synthetic mesh for advanced anterior POP repair is associated with a higher anatomical success rate for the anterior compartment compared with traditional colporrhaphy. Quality of life equally improved after both techniques. However, the trial failed to detect differences in P-QOL scores and complication rates between the groups.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sect Urogynecol & Vaginal Surg, Dept Gynecol, BR-04534000 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Sect Urogynecol & Vaginal Surg, Dept Gynecol, BR-04534000 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Nível de atividade física em professores da rede estadual de ensino

OBJECTIVE: To assess the level of physical activity in public school teachers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with 1,681 teachers from the city of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, in 2009. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version was applied and the level of physical activity was categorized as low, moderate or high. The study sample was stratified by age, gender and area of the city (south and east). The chi-square test was used for comparisons at a 5% level of significance. RESULTS: The prevalence of low, moderate and high levels of physical activity was 46.3%, 42.7% and 11%, respectively. Low physical activity was more prevalent among those aged 31 to 42 years (19.5%) and less prevalent among those aged 55 to 66 (5.7%). Moderate and high levels of physical activity were less prevalent among older teachers. A greater proportion of teachers showed low and high levels of physical activity in the east compared to the south of the city (50.5% vs. 48.6%; 11.4% vs. 8.1%, respectively). The proportion of teachers reporting moderate physical activity was significantly lower in the east (38.1%) compared to the south of the city (43.3%). Low and high levels of physical activity were significantly higher in men than women (53% vs. 42.9%; 14.1% vs. 9.4%, respectively). The prevalence of moderate level of physical activity was significantly lower in men (32.9%) than women (47.7%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of low physical activity was strikingly high. Variables such as age, gender and city area should be taken into account while planning and targeting campaigns aimed at promoting increased physical activity in this population.OBJETIVO: Evaluar el nivel de actividad física en profesores de la red pública estatal de educación. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal conducido con 1.681 profesores de Sao Paulo, sureste de Brasil, en 2009. La versión corta del Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física fue aplicada y el nivel de actividad física de los profesores fue categorizado en bajo, moderado o alto. La muestra fue estratificada por edad, región de la ciudad y sexo. La prueba de chi-cuadrado fue aplicada en las comparaciones y el nivel de significancia adoptado fue de pOBJETIVO: Avaliar o nível de atividade física em professores da rede pública estadual de ensino. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com 1.681 professores de São Paulo, SP, em 2009. A versão curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física foi aplicada e o nível de atividade física dos professores foi categorizado em baixo, moderado ou alto. A amostra foi estratificada por idade, região da cidade e sexo. O teste de qui-quadrado foi aplicado nas comparações e o nível de significância adotado foi de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de nível baixo de atividade física foi de 46,3%, e os níveis moderado e alto representaram 42,7% e 11%, respectivamente. Níveis baixos de atividade física foram mais prevalentes em indivíduos de 31 a 42 anos (19,5%) e menor prevalência foi observada de 55 a 66 anos (5,7%). Níveis moderados e altos foram menos prevalentes em idade mais avançada. Mais professores apresentaram nível baixo (50,5%) e alto (11,4%) de atividade física na região leste em relação à sul (baixo: 48,6%; alto: 8.1%). O número de professores com nível moderado foi significativamente menor na região leste (38,1%) comparada à sul (43,3%). O número de homens com nível baixo (53%) e alto (14,1%) de atividade física foi significantemente maior que em mulheres (baixo: 42,9%; alto: 9,4%). A prevalência de homens com nível moderado (32,9%) foi significativamente menor em comparação às mulheres (47,7%). CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de nível baixo de atividade física foi marcadamente elevada. Diferenças nas idades, regiões e sexos devem ser consideradas no planejamento e direcionamento de campanhas que visem promover aumento dos níveis de atividade física nessa população

Correlations between Risk Factors for Breast Cancer and Genetic Instability in Cancer Patients- A Clinical Perspective Study

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Molecular epidemiological studies have identified several risk factors linking to the genes and external factors in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. In this sense, genetic instability caused by DNA damage and DNA repair inefficiencies are important molecular events for the diagnosis and prognosis of therapies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze correlation between sociocultural, occupational, and lifestyle risk factors with levels of genetic instability in non-neoplastic cells of breast cancer patients. Total 150 individuals were included in the study that included 50 breast cancer patients submitted to chemotherapy (QT), 50 breast cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy (RT), and 50 healthy women without any cancer. Cytogenetic biomarkers for apoptosis and DNA damage were evaluated in samples of buccal epithelial and peripheral blood cells through micronuclei and comet assay tests. Elder age patients (61–80 years) had higher levels of apoptosis (catriolysis by karyolysis) and DNA damage at the diagnosis (baseline damage) with increased cell damage during QT and especially during RT. We also reported the increased frequencies of cytogenetic biomarkers in patients who were exposed to ionizing radiation as well as for alcoholism and smoking. QT and RT induced high levels of fragmentation (karyorrhexis) and nuclear dissolution (karyolysis) and DNA damage. Correlations were observed between age and karyorrhexis at diagnosis; smoking and karyolysis during RT; and radiation and karyolysis during QT. These correlations indicate that risk factors may also influence the genetic instability in non-neoplastic cells caused to the patients during cancer therapies

ROTEIRO PARA INVENTÁRIOS E MONITORAMENTOS DE QUELÔNIOS CONTINENTAIS

Em razão da falta de material específico de consulta que consolide as principais referências científicas e o acúmulo do conhecimento técnico sobre as metodologias de amostragem, coleta e análise de dados relativos aos quelônios continentais brasileiros, materializou-se este trabalho, há muito almejado pela sociedade interessada no assunto. Houve um grande esforço para compatibilizar metodologicamente as particularidades das espécies e ambientes em áreas com lacunas de amostragem, cujos parâmetros se adequam prioritariamente aos inventários e, em áreas com ocorrência conhecida de espécie(s) alvo de estudos de maior duração, aos monitoramentos populacionais. Sendo assim, essencialmente, este guia metodológico ou manual técnico inédito se constitui em roteiros de procedimentos fundamentados pela consolidação do estado da arte do conhecimento técnico-científico e pelas perspectivas, harmonizadas, dos principais grupos de pesquisa e entidades conservacionistas que atuam com esses animais. Essa iniciativa é oportuna, pois favorecerá a tão esperada padronização instrumental e analítica, segundo orientações validadas pelas experiências práticas dos autores, a serem adotados de forma consonante por diversas instituições ou grupos de pesquisa. Em consequência, poder-se-á integrar diferentes bancos de dados, compilar informações de séries históricas de dados de projetos correlatos, e assim, desenvolver análises comparativas das variáveis decorrentes dos componentes de pesquisa e conservação realizados de forma sistematizada por espécie, família, região, bioma etc., por meio de diferentes fontes de informação. E ainda, esta publicação tem o propósito de estimular a realização de estudos de caracterização do estado de conservação do grupo animal foco, especialmente em áreas protegidas, por meio da promoção de pesquisas básicas relativas à dinâmica de suas populações