Nociception and hypersensitivity involve distinct neurons and molecular transducers in Drosophila

Significance: Functional plasticity of the nociceptive circuit is a remarkable feature and is of clinical relevance. As an example, nociceptors lower their threshold upon tissue injury, a process known as allodynia that would facilitate healing by guarding the injured areas. However, long-lasting hypersensitivity could lead to chronic pain, a debilitating disease not effectively treated. Therefore, it is crucial to dissect the mechanisms underlying basal nociception and nociceptive hypersensitivity. In both vertebrate and invertebrate species, conserved transient receptor potential (Trp) channels are the primary transducers of noxious stimuli. Here, we provide a precedent that in Drosophila larvae, heat sensing in the nociception and hypersensitivity states is mediated by distinct heat-sensitive neurons and TrpA1 alternative isoforms

Entropy Complexity and Stability of a Nonlinear Dynamic Game Model with Two Delays

In this paper, a duopoly game model with double delays in hydropower market is established, and the research focus on the influence of time delay parameter on the complexity of the system. Firstly, we established a game model for the enterprises considering both the current and the historical output when making decisions. Secondly, the existence and stability of Hopf bifurcation are analyzed, and the conditions and main conclusions of Hopf bifurcation are given. Thirdly, numerical simulation and analysis are carried out to verify the conclusions of the theoretical analysis. The effect of delay parameter on the stability of the system is simulated by a bifurcation diagram, the Lyapunov exponent, and an entropic diagram; in addition, the stability region of the system is given by a 2D parameter bifurcation diagram and a 3D parameter bifurcation diagram. Finally, the method of delayed feedback control is used to control the chaotic system. The research results can provide a guideline for enterprise decision-making

A potential dimerization region of dCAMTA is critical for termination of fly visual response

CAMTAs are a group of Ca(2+)/calmodulin binding transcription activators that are implicated in brain tumor suppression, cardiac hypertrophy, and plant sensory responses. The sole fly CAMTA, dCAMTA, stimulates expression of an F-box gene, dFbxl4, to potentiate rhodopsin deactivation, which enables rapid termination of fly visual responses. Here we report that a dCAMTA fragment associated with a full-length protein in co-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The interaction site was mapped to a region within the DNA-binding CG-1 domain. With this potential dimerization site mutated, the full-length dCAMTA had defective nuclear localization. In transgenic flies, this mutant dCAMTA variant failed to stimulate expression of dFbxl4 and rescue the slow termination of light response phenotype of a dCAMTA null mutant fly. Our data suggest that dCAMTA may function as a dimer during fly visual regulation and that the CG-1 domain may mediate dimerization of CAMTA transcription factors

How Temperature Influences Sleep

Sleep is a fundamental, evolutionarily conserved, plastic behavior that is regulated by circadian and homeostatic mechanisms as well as genetic factors and environmental factors, such as light, humidity, and temperature. Among environmental cues, temperature plays an important role in the regulation of sleep. This review presents an overview of thermoreception in animals and the neural circuits that link this process to sleep. Understanding the influence of temperature on sleep can provide insight into basic physiologic processes that are required for survival and guide strategies to manage sleep disorders

Research on InSAR Monitoring Precision Analysis of Coal Mining Influence Based on Long Time Sequence

In this paper, in view of the scope of coal mining subsidence, the magnitude of subsidence deformation and the impact on buildings (structures), InSAR technology is selected for monitoring, time series analysis method combined with D-InSAR method for processing, and Sentinel- 1 Satellite IW data and RADARSAT-2 satellite XF data have been monitored for four years in the mining-affected area and its surrounding areas. The results show that there are obvious subsidence ranges on the surface of the current mining area and the unstable settlement area. The Shen District has been in a stable state in recent years, and the time sequence analysis for more than 3 years has verified the high accuracy and reliability of the monitoring results. The analysis of the monitoring results shows that the InSAR technology can be used for mining subsidence monitoring, especially when determining the subsidence boundary and whether it is stable or not, it has its technical superiority

Protocol for visualizing newly synthesized proteins in primary mouse hepatocytes

Summary: Selective identification of newly synthesized proteins is challenging because all proteins, both existing and nascent, have the same amino acid pool and are therefore chemically indistinguishable. L-homopropargylglycine is an amino acid analog of methionine containing an alkyne moiety that can undergo a classic click chemical reaction with azide containing Alexa Fluor. Here, we present an integrated tool based on immunofluorescence staining to accurately trace and localize the newly synthesized protein in isolated primary mouse hepatocytes.For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Shen et al. (2021)

I_h Channels Control Feedback Regulation from Amacrine Cells to Photoreceptors

<div><p>In both vertebrates and invertebrates, photoreceptors’ output is regulated by feedback signals from interneurons that contribute to several important visual functions. Although synaptic feedback regulation of photoreceptors is known to occur in <i>Drosophila</i>, many questions about the underlying molecular mechanisms and physiological implementation remain unclear. Here, we systematically investigated these questions using a broad range of experimental methods. We isolated two <i>I_h</i> mutant fly lines that exhibit rhythmic photoreceptor depolarization without light stimulation. We discovered that I_h channels regulate glutamate release from amacrine cells by modulating calcium channel activity. Moreover, we showed that the eye-enriched kainate receptor (EKAR) is expressed in photoreceptors and receives the glutamate signal released from amacrine cells. Finally, we presented evidence that amacrine cell feedback regulation helps maintain light sensitivity in ambient light. Our findings suggest plausible molecular underpinnings and physiological effects of feedback regulation from amacrine cells to photoreceptors. These results provide new mechanistic insight into how synaptic feedback regulation can participate in network processing by modulating neural information transfer and circuit excitability.</p></div

Blocking synaptic glutamate release from ACs suppresses the rhythmic depolarization in <i>I</i>_h mutant photoreceptors.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Ultrastructure of lamina cross-sections in wild-type and <i>I</i>_<i>h</i> mutant flies. The left panel shows the organization of the columnar neurons with synaptic connections in the lamina. Photoreceptor cells are shown in gray, L1–L2 neurons in black, and ACs in red. These neurons are present in all lamina columns, and single example profiles are shown arrayed across the lamina. The middle and the right panels show EM images of lamina cross-sections in wild-type and <i>I</i>_<i>h</i> mutant flies, respectively. Photoreceptor axons are colored in yellow and AC processes in blue. (<b>B</b>) Intracellular recording traces of <i>I</i>_<i>h</i> mutant flies with expression of TeTxLC using <i>L1L2-GAL4</i> and <i>Lai-GAL4</i> drivers. The fractions of photoreceptors that exhibit rhythmic depolarization are presented in the middle panel, and the time (t_3/4) required for a 3/4 recovery from the responses upon stimulation cessation is shown in the right panel. The numbers of recorded flies are listed. (<b>C</b>) Inactivation of ACs via ectopic expression of dORK^ΔC suppresses rhythmical depolarization in <i>I</i>_<i>h</i> mutant flies. The fractions of flies that exhibit ERG oscillation phenotype and the numbers of recorded flies are presented in the right panel. An ERG trace of flies expressing dORK^ΔC in wild-type ACs is also presented. (<b>D</b>) Intracellular recording traces of <i>I</i>_<i>h</i> mutant flies expressing <i>UAS-vGluT-RNAi</i> using different drivers. The fractions of photoreceptors that exhibit rhythmical depolarization are presented in the middle panel, and the time (t_3/4) required for a 3/4 recovery from the responses upon stimulation cessation are shown in the right panel. The number of recorded flies for each genotype is listed.</p