The Light Gradients Inside Soybean Leaves and Their Effect on the Curvature Factor of the Light Response Curves of Photosynthesis

Light gradients within leaves are not included in the model of Farquhar, although a steep light gradient does exist within leaves. For a bifacial leaf, the model shows good agreement with measured data, but for an isobilateral leaf the model may underestimate photosynthesis measured by conventional gas exchange. Isobilateral leaves easily developed when plants were grown in growth chambers where some light were reflected from the growth chamber metal base onto the lower surface of the leaves during growth, resulting in adjustment of the photosynthetic capacity inside the leaves. This could also happen in the field when canopy is very sparse and lower surface of leaves was exposed to reflected light from soil surface. Complications occurred when fitting the light response curves of the electron transport rate, due to the interaction between the quantum yield of electron transport (a2) and the curvature factor (Θ). It is suspected that there may be an interaction with the light gradient within the leaf. This manuscript discusses the effect of a light gradient inside a soybean leaf on the estimation of Θ. It is shown in the manuscript how the light curves of the isobilateral leaves (at different degree) responded when measured using conventional gas exchange and how it affected the estimation of Θ and the electron transport capacity, Jmax. An experiment was conducted to prove the hypothesis that this “out of ordinary” estimate of Θ (and hence Jmax) was due to the unmatched distribution of photosynthetic capacity with distribution of absorbed light

Lawyers Take Heed! A De Novo Review of Rule 11 in North Carolina - Turner v. Duke Univ.

This Note will propose the standard of review which best balances both concerns. First, this Note will summarize the facts of Turner, to introduce the setting of the Rule 11 decision. Second, in the Background section, this Note will explore the history of Rule 11 in the federal courts and in North Carolina, and the various standards of review adopted in the federal courts. Third, this Note will analyze the Turner decision and the standard of appellate review adopted by the North Carolina Supreme Court. Fourth, this Note will compare the standards of review and suggest which of the standards furthers or hinders the purposes of Rule 11. Through this Note, the reader should have a sharper understanding of Rule 11, and its treatment in the federal courts and in North Carolina. Finally, this Note urges the reader to consider the impact which a particular standard of review may have on a decision under Rule 11 and on litigation generally

Addendum: New approach to the resummation of logarithms in Higgs-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon [Phys. Rev. D 95, 054018 (2017)]

In this addendum to Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) we recompute the rates for the decays of the Higgs boson to a vector quarkonium plus a photon, where the vector quarkonium is $J/\psi$, $\Upsilon(1S)$, $\Upsilon(2S)$, or $\Upsilon(3S)$. We correct an error in the Abel-Pad\'e summation formula that was used to carry out the evolution of the quarkonium light-cone distribution amplitude in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017). We also correct an error in the scale of quarkonium wave function at the origin in Phys.\ Rev.\ D {\bf 95}, 054018 (2017) and introduce several additional refinements in the calculation.Comment: 7 pages, [v2] Abel-Pade summation formula corrected, [v3] PRD versio

Machine aided indexing from natural language text

The NASA Lexical Dictionary (NLD) Machine Aided Indexing (MAI) system was designed to (1) reuse the indexing of the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC); (2) reuse the indexing of the Department of Energy (DOE); and (3) reduce the time required for original indexing. This was done by automatically generating appropriate NASA thesaurus terms from either the other agency's index terms, or, for original indexing, from document titles and abstracts. The NASA STI Program staff devised two different ways to generate thesaurus terms from text. The first group of programs identified noun phrases by a parsing method that allowed for conjunctions and certain prepositions, on the assumption that indexable concepts are found in such phrases. Results were not always satisfactory, and it was noted that indexable concepts often occurred outside of noun phrases. The first method also proved to be too slow for the ultimate goal of interactive (online) MAI. The second group of programs used the knowledge base (KB), word proximity, and frequency of word and phrase occurrence to identify indexable concepts. Both methods are described and illustrated. Online MAI has been achieved, as well as several spinoff benefits, which are also described

New approach to the resummation of logarithms in Higgs-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon

We present a calculation of the rates for Higgs-boson decays to a vector heavy-quarkonium state plus a photon, where the heavy quarkonium states are the J/psi and the Upsilon(nS) states, with n=1, 2, or 3. The calculation is carried out in the light-cone formalism, combined with nonrelativistic QCD factorization, and is accurate at leading order in m_Q^2/m_H^2, where m_Q is the heavy-quark mass and m_H is the Higgs-boson mass. The calculation contains corrections through next-to-leading order in the strong-coupling constant alpha_s and the square of the heavy-quark velocity v, and includes a resummation of logarithms of m_H^2/m_Q^2 at next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. We have developed a new method, which makes use of Abel summation, accelerated through the use of Pade approximants, to deal with divergences in the resummed expressions for the quarkonium light-cone distribution amplitudes. This approach allows us to make definitive calculations of the resummation effects. Contributions from the order-alpha_s and order-v^2 corrections to the light-cone distribution amplitudes that we obtain with this new method differ substantially from the corresponding contributions that one obtains from a model light-cone distribution amplitude [M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012]. Our results for the real parts of the direct-process amplitudes are considerably smaller than those from one earlier calculation [G. T. Bodwin, H. S. Chung, J.-H. Ee, J. Lee, and F. Petriello, Phys. Rev. D 90, 113010 (2014)], reducing the sensitivity to the Higgs-boson--heavy-quark couplings, and are somewhat smaller than those from another earlier calculation [M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012]. However, our results for the standard-model Higgs-boson branching fractions are in good agreement with those in M. Koenig and M. Neubert, J. High Energy Phys. 08 (2015) 012.Comment: 40 pages, improved discussion of the convergence of the nonrelativistic expansion, minor corrections and changes in nomenclature, version published in Phys. Rev.

GEOGRAFI DIALEK BAHASA SIMALUNGUN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN LEKSIKON BAHASA INDONESIA: Kajian Dialektologi Sinkronis

Bahasa Simalungun bervariasi akibat berbagai faktor, salah satunya letak geografis. Variasi (dialek) tersebut ditandai dengan banyaknya berian dalam pengaplikasian satu makna suatu benda. Dialek tersebut perlu dipetakan melihat belum ada penelitian yang memetakan dialek di Kecamatan Silimakuta, Kabupaten Simalungun, Provinsi Sumatra Utara dengan titik pengamatan: Desa Purba Tua Baru, Desa Purba Tua Etek, Desa Purba Tua, Desa Purba Sinombah, Desa Sinar Baru, dan Desa Sibangun Mariah. Pemetaan dilakukan berdasarkan perbedaan fonologi, morfologi, dan leksikal. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui: (1) perbedaan dialek bahasa Simalungun; (2) pemetaan dialek bahasa Simalungun; (3) persentase tingkat kekerabatan bahasa Simalungun berdasarkan perhitungan dialektometri; dan (4) Kontribusi geografi bahasa Simalungun dalam pengembangan leksikon bahasa Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan sinkronis. Adapun metode kajian yang digunakan, yaitu (1) metode pupuan lapangan, (2) metode dialektometri, dan (3) metode informal (Mahsun, 1995). Berdasarkan perbedaan dialek bahasa Simalungun, ditemukan 1 berian yang menunjukkan persamaan dan 199 berian yang menunjukkan perbedaan, yaitu perbedaan fonologi berjumlah 108 berian, perbedaan morfologi berjumlah 61 berian, dan perbedaan leksikal berjumlah 156 berian. Berdasarkan pemetaan bahasa Simalungun,disimpulkan bahwa kosakata yang dominan digunakan adalah kosakata bahasa Simalungun dan ditemukan juga penggunaan kosakata yang berasal dari bahasa Karo dan Toba. Berdasarkan penghitungan dialektometri, diperoleh tiga golongan tingkat kekerabatan bahasa, yakni (1) perbedaan wicara, (2) perbedaan dialek, dan (3) perbedaan bahasa. Terdapat 8 dari 200 leksikon berdasarkan daftar tanyaan yang dapat dikontribusikan sebagai pengembangan leksikon bahasa Indonesia, yakni leksikon (1) manggalung, (2) rambas, (3) manappang, (4) mardang, (5) manduhuti,(6) makkubangi/makkomposi, (7) manggiling, dan (8) manobu.----------Bahasa Simalungun varies as the result of many factors, one of them is geographical position. The Variety (Dialect) was marked by many berian in applying meanings of a thing. The dialect needed to be mapped because there has not study that mapped the dialect at Kecamatan Silimakuta, Kabupaten Simalungun, North Sumatra Province, by observation points at: Desa Purba Tua Baru, Desa Purba Tua Etek, Desa Purba Tua, Desa Purba Sinombah, Desa Sinar Baru, and Desa Sibangun Mariah. The mapping was conducted based on differences of phonology, morphology and lexical. The study proposed to know: (1) differences of Simalungun Language dialects; (2) mapping of Simalungun Language dialects; (3) percentage of level relationship of Simalungun Language by calculation on dialektometri; and (4) contributionof SimalungunLanguage geography to development of Bahasa Indonesia lexicon. The study used descriptive qualitative method by using syncronic approach. Research methodologies that used in the study were (1) questionnaire method, (2) dialektometri method, and (3) informal method (Mahsun, 1995). Based on dialect differences of Simalungun Language, it found one berian that showed similarity and 199 berian that showed differences, those were 108 berian of phonology differences, 61 berian of morphology differences, and 156 berian of lexical differences. According to Simalungun language mapping, it was concluded that dominant vocabularies which used were vocabularies of Simalungun language and it also found the using of vocabularies from Karo and Toba language. Based on calculation of dialektometri, there are three level classes of language relationship, (1) speech differences, (2) dialect differences, and (3) language differences. There were eight from 200 lexicons based on questions list that could be contributed as the lexicon development of Bahasa Indonesia, these lexicon were (1) manggalung, (2) rambas, (3) manappang, (4) mardang, (5) manduhuti, (6) makkubangi/makkomposi, (7) manggiling, and (8)manobu

ZZ-boson decays to a vector quarkonium plus a photon

We compute the decay rates for the processes $Z\to V+\gamma$, where $Z$ is the $Z$ boson, $\gamma$ is the photon, and $V$ is one of the vector quarkonia $J/\psi$ or $\Upsilon(nS)$, with $n=1$, $2$, or $3$. Our computations include corrections through relative orders $\alpha_s$ and $v^2$ and resummations of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$, to all orders in $\alpha_s$, at NLL accuracy. ($v$ is the velocity of the heavy quark $Q$ or the heavy antiquark $\bar{Q}$ in the quarkonium rest frame, and $m_Z$ and $m_Q$ are the masses of $Z$ and $Q$, respectively.) Our calculations are the first to include both the order-$\alpha_s$ correction to the light-cone distributions amplitude and the resummation of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$ and are the first calculations for the $\Upsilon(2S)$ and $\Upsilon(3S)$ final states. The resummations of logarithms of $m_Z^2/m_Q^2$ that are associated with the order-$\alpha_s$ and order-$v^2$ corrections are carried out by making use of the Abel-Pad\'e method. We confirm the analytic result for the order-$v^2$ correction that was presented in a previous publication, and we correct the relative sign of the direct and indirect amplitudes and some choices of scales in that publication. Our branching fractions for $Z\to J/\psi+\gamma$ and $Z\to \Upsilon(1S)+\gamma$ differ by $2.0\,\sigma$ and $-4.0\,\sigma$, respectively, from the branching fractions that are given in the most recent publication on this topic (in units of the uncertainties that are given in that publication). However, we argue that the uncertainties in the rates are underestimated in that publication.Comment: 26 pages, [v2] references added / [v3] Equation (27) modified, 3 sentences added after Eq. (27), Reference [17] added / [v4] PRD versio

Reactivity of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane-6-yllithium (PTA-Li) Towards Organotin, Silicon, and Boron Chlorides

In this thesis, the synthesis and preliminary characterization of a library of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane derivatives with Sn, Si, and B moieties are presented. Various electrophiles were reacted with lithiated PTA (PTA-Li) including SnR3Cl, SnR2Cl2, SiR2Cl2 (R=CH3, Ph), and BR2Cl (R=Cy, Ph). The α-stannylated PTA, PTA-SnMe3, was successfully isolated along with the oxide, O=PTA-SnMe3, characterized through solution NMR (31P{1H}, 13C{1H}, 119Sn{1H}, and 1H) and ESI-MS. These water soluble compounds are also soluble in other organic solvents like chloroform, methylene chloride, hexanes, pentane, etc. PTA-SnMe3 has been found to oxidize in solution but is more stable in the solid state. Preliminary observations on the reactions of PTA-Li with other tin, silicon, and boron electrophiles show various side products that become more abundant upon increasing the reaction scale. This may be a consequence of the air and moisture sensitivity of the starting materials and the products. Attempts to isolate the products were limited by a small yield. Most of the compounds were observed to decompose into O=PTA. Future attempts should consider measures to test effective moisture removal from solvents and starting materials