363 research outputs found

    Is internet an acceleration factor in voluntary lifelong learning ?

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    IT Technologies are said to make access to learning easier and cheaper. Virtually all theorical knowledge is available in one form or another on the web, with possibilities for beginners as well as, in certain cases, for extremely sophisticated users.informal learning; lifelong learning; e-learning; Internet; Knowledge, quantitative methodology

    Firms' contribution to open source software and the dominant skilled user

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    : Free/libre or open-source software (FLOSS) is nowadays produced not only by individual benevolent developers but, in a growing proportion, by firms that hire programmers for their own objectives of development in open source or for contributing to open-source projects in the context of dedicated communities. A recent literature has focused on the question of the business models explaining how and why firms may draw benefits from such involvement and their connected activities. They can be considered as the building blocks of a new modus operandi of an industry, built on an alternative approach to intellectual property management. Its prospects will depend on both the firms' willingness to rally and its ability to compete with the traditional “proprietary” approach. As a matter of fact, firms' involvement in FLOSS, while growing, remains very contrasting, depending on the nature of the products and the characteristics of the markets. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that, beside factors like the importance of software as a core competence of the firm, the role of users on the related markets - and more precisely their level of skills - may provide a major explanation of such diversity. We introduce the concept of the dominant skilled user and we set up a theoretical model to better understand how it may condition the nature and outcome of the competition between a FLOSS firm and a proprietary firm. We discuss these results in the light of empirical stylized facts drawn from the recent trends in the software industrySoftware ; Open Source ; Intellectual Property ; Competition ; Users

    Les TIC dans les TPE : un investissement sous contraintes socio-Ă©conomiques et surtout individuelles

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    National audienceCet article présente les résultats dune enquête réalisée auprès des entreprises artisanales de Bretagne sur leurs relations aux TIC (enquête par téléphone, 2500 réponses, entre mai et juin 2006). Nous y étudions les facteurs expliquant l'équipement (et le non-équipement) en objets TIC dans ces TPE. Après avoir présenté une typologie de ces entreprises basée sur leurs caractéristiques d'équipements et d'usages, nous montrons, par une analyse économétrique (Logit) que les facteurs individuels (compétences de l'artisan) sont plus déterminants que les facteurs économiques (secteurs...) dans le choix de s'équiper

    Innovation ouverte : vers la génération 2.0

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    L'innovation ouverte reste un concept très large, un peu fourre-tout, dont les frontières, les formes et les enjeux doivent encore d'être clarifiés. C'est précisément ce que nous nous proposons de faire dans cette contribution. Dans un premier temps, nous définissons le concept d'innovation ouverte et nous le confrontons aux théories existantes en économie et gestion de l'innovation. Cela nous amène notamment à distinguer les deux faces de l'innovation ouverte l'" inside-out et l'" outside-in " et à montrer que seule la première est réellement nouvelle en sciences de gestion. Cela nous permet également d'insister sur l'importance des droits de propriété intellectuels (DPI) et notamment du brevet dans l'essor et le succès des stratégies d'innovation ouverte. Dans un second temps nous présentons les différentes modalités de l'innovation ouverte. Nous insistons essentiellement sur la différence entre les formes traditionnelles d'innovation ouverte qui sont peu ouvertes et peu interactives (par exemple un accord bilatéral de collaboration de recherche entre une entreprise et une université) et des modalités qui ont émergé plus récemment et qui sont largement plus ouvertes et plus interactives (par exemple le crowdsourcing ou l'innovation avec des communautés open source). Nous appelons la première " innovation ouverte 1.0 " et la seconde " innovation ouverte 2.0 ", faisant ainsi référence à l'importance des TIC et notamment de l'Internet dit 2.0 pour favoriser la mise en place des modalités d'innovation ouverte 2.0. Enfin, dans un troisième temps nous analysons les enjeux stratégiques de l'innovation ouverte et nous évaluons la rationalité et les problématiques économiques soulevées par ce type de pratiques

    FLOSS in an industrial economics perspective

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    National audienceThe spread of free/libre open source software (FLOSS) represents one of the most important developments in the Information Technology (IT) industry in recent years. Within the context of a knowledge-based economy, this sort of approach appears exemplary for a growing number of industrial activities in which the amount of knowledge that has to be mastered is too large for a single agent, however powerful. Considering knowledge as a mutual resource requires a rethinking of the value chain concept, since cash flow is derived from use of the knowledge base (services, complementary products), not from the knowledge itself. In a classical industrial economics perspective, this reshaping of the value chain must be analyzed not only at the global ecosystem level (who produces what, between firms and universities, users and producers, etc.), but also at the industry level (once the industrys role has been identified, how does it organize itself?). Various points of view have been proposed, but researchers have generally studied either the involvement of firms in a community or the integration of FLOSS into their market strategy, but not both. In this article, we argue for a more structured and global analysis, based on the tools of industrial economics, and thus starting from the basic conditions of the computer market and of the buyers competence in software development (the dominant users skill). This conceptual framework helps to distinguish the different types of corporate behavior we see in the FLOSS ecosystem and more specifically their varying degrees of involvement.Ces dernières années, la diffusion du logiciel libre, ou open source, représente une des évolutions les plus importantes de l’industrie des technologies de l’information. Dans un contexte d’une économie basée sur la connaissance, ce modèle apparaît comme exemplaire pour de nombreuses industries, où la quantité de connaissance qu’il faut maîtriser est trop grande pour être maîtrisée par un seul agent, même puissant. Considérer la connaissance comme une ressource partagée implique de repenser le concept de chaîne de valeur, car la richesse est générée par les usages de cette base de connaissance (services, produits complémentaires) et non plus de la connaissance par elle-même. Si l’on se place dans une perspective d’économie industrielle « classique », cette restructuration de la valeur doit être étudiée au niveau de l’écosystème global (qui produit quoi entre les entreprises et les universités, entre les utilisateurs et les producteurs, etc.), mais aussi au niveau industriel (une fois que le rôle de l’industrie est compris, comment celle-ci s’organise). De nombreuses explications ont été proposées, mais, la plupart du temps, les chercheurs étudient soit l’implication des entreprises dans les communautés, soit l’intégration du logiciel libre dans leurs stratégies commerciales, rarement les deux. Dans cet article, nous défendons l’idée d’une approche plus structurée et globale, partant des conditions initiales du marché de l’informatique et des compétences des acheteurs en terme de développement logiciel (les compétences de l’utilisateur « représentatif »). Ce cadre conceptuel permet d’éclairer les différents comportements des entreprises que l’on constate dans l’écosystème libre, et spécifiquement la variation de leur implication

    Firms' contribution to open source software and the dominant skilled user

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    Free/libre or open-source software (FLOSS) is nowadays produced not only by individual benevolent developers but, in a growing proportion, by firms that hire programmers for their own objectives of development in open source or for contributing to open-source projects in the context of dedicated communities. A recent literature has focused on the question of the business models explaining how and why firms may draw benefits from such involvement and their connected activities. They can be considered as the building blocks of a new modus operandi of an industry, built on an alternative approach to intellectual property management. Its prospects will depend on both the firms' willingness to rally and its ability to compete with the traditional “proprietary” approach. As a matter of fact, firms' involvement in FLOSS, while growing, remains very contrasting, depending on the nature of the products and the characteristics of the markets. The aim of this paper is to emphasize that, beside factors like the importance of software as a core competence of the firm, the role of users on the related markets - and more precisely their level of skills - may provide a major explanation of such diversity. We introduce the concept of the dominant skilled user and we set up a theoretical model to better understand how it may condition the nature and outcome of the competition between a FLOSS firm and a proprietary firm. We discuss these results in the light of empirical stylized facts drawn from the recent trends in the software industr

    Free/Libre/Open Source Software (Floss): Lessons for Intellectual Property Rights Management in a Knowledge-Based Economy

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    International audienceThe aim of this paper is to focus on the emerging situation in which open source software is nowadays produced not only by individual developers but in a growing proportion by firms that hire programmers for their own objectives of development in open source or for contributing to open source projects in the context of dedicated communities. As commercial firms it is important to analyze how and why they are capable of drawing benefits from such involvement and their connected activities. Moreover, we want to stress the different types of business model these firms rely on and the possible evolution they are likely to follow in the near future. We shown how Open Source principles provide an alternative way of thinking and managing intellectual property that do not come up against the same problems but needs a radical change in the way of drawing commercial benefits from knowledge development tasks. Then we analyze the growing involvement of commercial actors by setting up a typology of the different business models that can be observed in the OS landscape, how they correspond to the different strategies of industrial firms according to the main characteristics of their technical skills and market position. Finally, in a conclusive section we will draw the main lessons of the FLOSS experience for a possible enlargement of those principles of IPR management and business to other knowledge based commercial activities

    Floss firms, users and communities: a viable match?

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    International audienceThe participation of firms in Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) communities is growing and is increasingly debated amongst scholars. As [41] explained, FLOSS needs profit and we do not know successfull floss products without firms in their ecosystem, either being via the financial support of foundations (Eclipse, Linux) or the commercial offering of products or services based on specific FLOSS products (SQL, RedHat). Various points of view have been proposed, but most of the time, scholars studied either the implication of firms within a community or the integration of floss into their market strategy, but not both. In this article, we plead for a more structured and global analysis, based on industrial economics tools, and thus starting from the basic conditions of the computer market and of the buyers' competence in software development (the 'dominant user's skill). This conceptual framework helps to distinguish the different roles (understood as 'social roles') firms may play in the FLOSS ecosystem and, specifically the variation in their involvement

    Les TIC dans les TPE : un investissement sous contraintes socio-Ă©conomiques et surtout individuelles

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    Cet article présente les résultats dune enquête réalisée auprès des entreprises artisanales de Bretagne sur leurs relations aux TIC (enquête par téléphone, 2500 réponses, entre mai et juin 2006). Nous y étudions les facteurs expliquant l'équipement (et le non-équipement) en objets TIC dans ces TPE. Après avoir présenté une typologie de ces entreprises basée sur leurs caractéristiques d'équipements et d'usages, nous montrons, par une analyse économétrique (Logit) que les facteurs individuels (compétences de l'artisan) sont plus déterminants que les facteurs économiques (secteurs...) dans le choix de s'équiper.TPE (artisanat), Enquête statistique, Technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC), Secteur économique

    Is Wikipedia Inefficient? Modelling Effort and Participation in Wikipedia

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    International audienceConcerns have been raisedabout the decreased ability of Wikipedia to recruit editors and in to harness the effort of contributors to create new articles and improve existing articles. But, as Marwell & Oliver explained,in collective projects, in the initial stage of the project, people are few and efforts costly; in the diffusion phase, the number of participants grows as their efforts are rewarding; and in the mature phase, some inefficiency may appear as the number of contributors is more than the work requires. In this paper, thanks to original data we extract from 36 of the main language projects, we compare the efficiency of Wikipedia projects in different languages and at different states of development to examine this effect
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