53 research outputs found

    Study of epigenetic signatures in Prader-Willi syndrome as a model of hyperphagia-food addiction and the specific role of the micro deletion of SNORD116 and the oxytocin treatment effect on an IPSC into dopaminergic neurons differentiation

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    Introduction : Les addictions sont des pathologies impliquant le circuit de la rĂ©compense dopaminergique. Leur apparition est associĂ©e Ă  des vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s liĂ©es Ă  des trajectoires spĂ©cifiques dans l’enfance impliquant des facteurs environnementaux (carences affectives, traumatismes) et individuels (antĂ©cĂ©dent personnel ou familial de trouble psychiatrique) qui conduisent notamment Ă  un dĂ©faut de rĂ©gulation des Ă©motions et des troubles de la socialisation. Le syndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) est une maladie gĂ©nĂ©tique rare liĂ©e Ă  l’absence ou la perte de fonction de gĂšnes localisĂ©s dans la rĂ©gion q11-q13 du chromosome 15 et en particulier le gĂšne SNORD116. Ce syndrome se caractĂ©rise par des troubles du comportement alimentaire de type d’hyperphagique (qui ont pu ĂȘtre dĂ©crits comme une addiction alimentaire) et des troubles du comportement liĂ©s Ă  un dĂ©faut de rĂ©gulation des Ă©motions et un dĂ©ficit de cognition sociales. Les manifestations cliniques du SPW peuvent ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©es par un traitement par ocytocine, neuropeptide connu pour jouer un rĂŽle dans la socialisation et dans le comportement alimentaire via notamment son action au niveau du circuit de la rĂ©compense. Dans ce travail, nous formulons l’hypothĂšse que le SPW peut servir de modĂšle pour la comprĂ©hension de la vulnĂ©rabilitĂ© gĂšne X environnement aux addictions et que les gĂšnes associĂ©s au SPW pourraient exercer un effet sur le circuit de la rĂ©compense via des mĂ©canismes Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques. Nous formulons Ă©galement l’hypothĂšse que le traitement par ocytocine exerce une action sur ces mĂ©canismes Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques. MĂ©thode : Ce travail Ă©tudie les modifications Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques liĂ©es au SPW via plusieurs approches. L’étude des marques de mĂ©thylation dans une population de patients adultes souffrant d’un SPW. L’étude des modifications de mĂ©thylation en lien avec un traitement par ocytocine chez des nouveau-nĂ©s souffrant d’un SPW. L’étude des modifications de mĂ©thylation sur un modĂšle d’IPSC avec une micro dĂ©lĂ©tion du gĂšne SNORD116 diffĂ©renciĂ©s en neurones dopaminergiques traitĂ© ou non par ocytocine. L’étude des marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques est faite par RRBS sur l’ensemble du gĂ©nome. RĂ©sultats : Chez les patients adultes les marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques associĂ©es au SPW qui peuvent ĂȘtre rapprochĂ©es du phĂ©notype des patients car impliquant des voies endocriniennes, neurodĂ©vĂ©loppementales et la voie de signalisation de l’ocytocine. Chez les nouveau nĂ©s le traitement par ocytocine exerce une action sur les marques Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques en lien avec le circuit dopaminergique de la rĂ©compense notamment le gĂšne DRD4 qui est associĂ© Ă  la prise de risque et au dĂ©veloppement de troubles alimentaires. Le modĂšle cellulaire permet de complĂ©ter ces rĂ©sultats en montrant que les modifications Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tiques des circuits dopaminergiques en lien avec le traitement par ocytocine ne sont pas spĂ©cifiques de la dĂ©lĂ©tion du gĂšne SNORD116 mais sont aussi observĂ©es sur des lignĂ©es contrĂŽles. De plus, cette Ă©tude sur les cellules montre que micro dĂ©lĂ©tion du SNORD116 est associĂ©e Ă  des modifications de mĂ©thylation et d’expression de certains gĂšnes d’intĂ©rĂȘt COMT, SLC6A3 et GABRA2 impliquĂ©s dans les troubles du comportement alimentaires et les addictions. Conclusion : Ce travail met en Ă©vidence que les mutations du locus q11-q13 et le gĂšne SNORD116 en particulier peuvent jouer un rĂŽle dans la modulation de l’expression gĂ©nĂ©tique via un mĂ©canisme de mĂ©thylation sur l’ensemble du gĂ©nome. De plus ce rĂŽle de modulation semble s’exercer sur des gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans le circuit de la rĂ©compense et dont le rĂŽle est connu pour des troubles psychiatriques associant dysrĂ©gulation Ă©motionnelle et addiction. Ces rĂ©sultats ouvrent la voie Ă  de nouvelles hypothĂšses physiopathologiques sur le rĂŽle du gĂšne SNORD116 notamment dans les interactions gĂšne X environnement.Introduction: Addictive disorders involved the dopaminergic reward circuit. The development of those disorders is associated with specific vulnerabilities in relation with childhood trajectories that combined environmental factors and individual risk. Moreover, addictive behaviors often are associated with emotional dysregulation and social impairment. The Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder causes by loss of function of the region q11-q13 of the chromosome 15. It is characterized by feeding disorders consisting in hyperphagia (that was described as an addictive behavior for food) and emotional dysregulation with social impairments. The clinical symptoms of PWS are improved by oxytocin treatment. In addition, oxytocin is a neuropeptide known to play a role in socialization and feeding behavior especially through its effect in the reward circuit.In this work we hypothesized that PWS could serve as a model to understand the gene X environment vulnerability to addictions and that the gene associated with PWS especially the gene SNORD116 could play a role on reward circuit through epigenetic mechanisms. Methods: This work studies the epigenetic modifications associated to PWS via several approaches. The study of methylation signatures in a population of adult patients with PWS. The study of methylation changes associated with an oxytocin treatment in newborns with PWS. The study of methylation modifications on an IPSC model with the micro deletion of SNORD116 that are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons and treated or not with oxytocin. All those studies focused on methylation modification by RRBS method and are conducted on the whole genome. Results: In adult patients, our work showed that epigenetic signatures associated with PWS can be related to the patient's phenotype indeed it involved endocrine and neurodevelopmental pathways and the oxytocin signaling pathway. In the newborns, the treatment by oxytocin exerted an action on epigenetic signature related to the dopaminergic reward circuit, especially the DRD4 gene which is associated with risk-taking and the development of eating disorders. The cell model showed that the epigenetic modifications of the dopaminergic circuits in connection with the oxytocin treatment were not specific for the deletion of the SNORD116 gene but were also observed on the control lines. In addition, the study in dopaminergic neurons from IPSC showed that the micro deletion of SNORD116 was associated with changes in methylation and expression of certain genes of interest including COMT, SLC6A3 and GABRA2 that are involved in eating disorders and addictions. Conclusion: This work showed that the mutations in the 15q11-q13 locus and especially the micro deletion of the SNORD116 could play a role in the modulation of gene expression via methylation mechanisms involving the whole genome. In addition, this modulating role seems to be exerted on genes involved in the reward circuit and whose role is known for psychiatric disorders associating emotional dysregulation and addiction. These results open the way to new pathophysiological hypotheses on a possible role of the SNORD116 gene, in gene X environment interactions

    Bénéfices de l'allaitement maternel prolongé au delà de six mois dans les pays industrialisés

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    L'OMS, l'UNICEF, et, en l'ANAES s'accordent à promouvoir un allaitement exclusif de 6 mois dans tous les pays. En France, le taux d'allaitement à la naissance, calculé à partir des certificats du 8Úme jour, était de 58% en 2003. De plus en plus d'études montrent l'effet bénéfique de l'allaitement de plus de 6 mois ,en terme de santé infantile sur certaines pathologies infectieuses, l'obésité,le diabÚte, les maladies atopiques, les leucémies et lymphomes,la maltraitance, la mort subite du nourrisson, le développement neurologique et cognitif. Du cÎté maternel, c'est un effet protecteur vis-à-vis du cancer du sein, du cancer de l'ovaire ou du risque fracturaire du col du fémur, et récemment de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde et des lymphomes non hodgkiniens qui est constaté. Sur le plan économique, le surcoût engendré par l'utilisation du lait industriel reste important. Ces constatations expliquent la volonté de promotion de l'allaitement par certains gouvernements en France.TOULOUSE3-BU Santé-Centrale (315552105) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Personal Identity and Narrativity in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Phenomenological Reconfiguration

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    Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex condition marked by heterogeneity. People with BPD have a profusion of symptoms spread across various levels of lived experience, such as identity, affectivity, and interpersonal relationships. Researchers and clinicians have often resorted to the structuring concept of Self to organize the fragmentation of their experience at the identity level. Notably, using the concept of the narrative self, Fuchs proposed to interpret BPD as a fragmentation of narrative identity. This interpretation of BPD, widely shared, has been challenged by Gold and Kyratsous, who have proposed a complementary understanding of the self through the idea of agency, and to which Schmidt and Fuchs in turn have countered. This article proposes to contribute to this discussion from a phenomenological perspective. First, we will briefly review the discussions around narrative interpretation of BPD. From the problems left unresolved by the discussion, we will then justify the necessity to proceed with a stratification of the self from a phenomenology method. Third, from the thought of the Hungarian phenomenologist LĂĄszlĂł Tengelyi, we will continue with an archaeology of the self, in three layers-self-institution, selfformation, and minimal self-integrating Schmidt and Fuchs' concepts of self, in addition to those of Gold and Kyratsous, but also, to a lesser extent, those of Dan Zahavi. Finally, we will proceed with a phenomenological reconfiguration of the experiences and manifestations associated with the identity axis of BPD

    Mise en place et Ă©valuation prĂ©liminaire d’un sĂ©minaire de formation Ă  l’entretien motivationnel pour des internes de psychiatrie de premiĂšre annĂ©e

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    Introduction : La formation spĂ©cialisĂ©e en psychiatrie vise l’acquisition de savoirs et de compĂ©tences. L’acquisition de capacitĂ©s en liens avec les techniques d’entretien en constitue une composante importante. Parmi elles, l’entretien motivationnel est une technique d’entretien spĂ©cifique dont la maĂźtrise devrait ĂȘtre acquise durant l’internat. Objectif : Rapporter la planification et l’évaluation prĂ©liminaire des effets d’un dispositif d’enseignement de l’entretien motivationnel destinĂ© Ă  des internes en premiĂšre annĂ©e de diplĂŽme d’études spĂ©cialisĂ©es (DES) en psychiatrie. MĂ©thodes : Un sĂ©minaire de deux demi-journĂ©es, comportant une partie thĂ©orique et un enseignement pratique Ă  base de jeux de rĂŽle, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©laborĂ© et mis en Ɠuvre pour les internes de premiĂšre annĂ©e du DES de psychiatrie de l’UniversitĂ© de Toulouse. Les apprentissages et la satisfaction des participants ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s en recourant Ă  des questionnaires administrĂ©s avant le sĂ©minaire, aprĂšs le sĂ©minaire et trois mois aprĂšs sa fin. RĂ©sultats : Dix-huit internes ont participĂ© Ă  au moins une des deux sessions. Les taux de rĂ©ussite moyen au test d’évaluation des connaissances dĂ©claratives Ă©taient respectivement de 45,4 %, 94,5 % et 87,8 % avant le sĂ©minaire, Ă  la fin du sĂ©minaire et trois mois aprĂšs la fin du sĂ©minaire. Trois mois aprĂšs le sĂ©minaire, 77,7 % des internes considĂ©raient avoir utilisĂ© souvent ou trĂšs souvent l’entretien motivationnel dans leur pratique courante et 66,6 % que l’amĂ©lioration de leur niveau de compĂ©tence en entretien avait Ă©tĂ© importante ou trĂšs importante. Conclusion : Un dispositif pĂ©dagogique de durĂ©e courte, spĂ©cifiquement dĂ©diĂ© Ă  l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de l’entretien motivationnel, a permis des apprentissages significatifs, en rĂ©pondant aux attentes de formation des Ă©tudiants concernĂ©s et en amĂ©liorant leur sentiment de compĂ©tence en entretien motivationnel

    Possible Role of Adipose Tissue and the Endocannabinoid System in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Can Rimonabant Return?

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    International audienceThis is the main conclusion of a recent study describing a strong relationship between the degree of obesity and the severity of COVID‐19 infection. Obesity has various negative consequences relative to the course of COVID‐19, including adverse effects on lung physiology, and induces comorbidities such as type II diabetes or hypertension. However, additional mechanisms involving the low‐grade inflammatory state accompanying obesity can also be suggeste

    Can antidepressants unlock prescription of rimonabant in the fight against COVID-19?

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    International audienceWe read with real enthusiasm the paper by Hoertel et al. showing an “association between antidepressant use and reduced risk of intubation or death in hospitalized patients with COVID-19”. Their observation reinforces preliminary data of a double-blind, randomized clinical trial showing significant reduction of COVID-19 worsening in outpatients treated with fluvoxamine. By the time those promising results should obviously stimulate organization of large randomized clinical trials on the use of antidepressants in the fight against COVID-19, we want to plead for introducing rimonabant combined to an antidepressant in some of those trials as well as in preclinical studies

    Factors associated with hospitalization after self-poisoning in France: special focus on the impact of alcohol use disorder

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    Abstract Background Previous studies have identified factors associated with admission to hospital after suicide spectrum behaviors. In this study, we aim to identify specific factors associated with psychiatric hospitalization after self-poisoning. Given earlier findings suggesting that alcohol use disorder is not associated with hospital admission, we also aim to consider its impact, as well as blood alcohol concentrations, on hospitalization decisions after a suicide attempt. Methods We studied the association between demographic features, suicide intent, psychiatric characteristics and admission to hospital in self-poisoning patients in an emergency department in France. Results Suicide intent, a past history of suicide attempts, bipolar disorder and depression were associated with psychiatric hospital admissions. Despite alcohol use disorder being known to be associated with a suicide risk, it was not linked with psychiatric hospitalization. A positive blood alcohol concentration in the emergency department likewise had no association with admission to a psychiatric ward for inpatient care. Conclusions Our findings were similar to those reported for other suicide spectrum behaviors. Alcohol use disorder was not associated with admission for inpatient psychiatric care, whereas depression clearly was. The cause of this discrepancy must be determined in future research

    Changes in suicide-related tweets before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in France: The importance of social media monitoring in public health prediction

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    International audienceThe COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health, as demonstrated by numerous studies. In recent years, especially during the pandemic, the use of social networks, including Twitter, increased. This suggests that this media could help with mental health monitoring, as attested by previous studies.La pandĂ©mie de COVID-19 a eu un impact sur la santĂ© mentale comme le dĂ©montrent de nombreuses Ă©tudes. De maniĂšre gĂ©nĂ©rale, les Ă©tudes n’ont dĂ©montrĂ© aucune augmentation significative du nombre d’idĂ©es suicidaires, ce qui semble contredire les observations faites aux urgences. Cependant, ces Ă©tudes se sont concentrĂ©es principalement sur les premiers mois de la pandĂ©mie et ont utilisĂ© des mĂ©thodes de collecte traditionnelles telles que des questionnaires. Ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, et notamment pendant la pandĂ©mie, l’utilisation des rĂ©seaux sociaux, dont Twitter, s’est accrue. Cela suggĂšre que ce mĂ©dia pourrait aider Ă  la surveillance de la santĂ© mentale comme l’attestent des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures
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