Programme visant l'amélioration du sentiment de compétence sociale chez les préadolescents ayant un trouble envahissant du développement sans déficience intellectuelle

Rapport d'analyse d'intervention présenté à la Faculté des arts et sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise ès sciences (M. Sc.) en psychoéducation.Ce rapport présente un programme d'intervention s'adressant à des préadolescents âgés entre neuf et 12 ans ayant un trouble envahissant du développement sans déficience intellectuelle. Il s'agit de jeunes qui ont des difficultés relationnelles liés à leurs altérations sur les plans de la communication et des interactions sociales. Dans le but d'améliorer leur sentiment de compétence sociale, le programme d'intervention proposé visait l'amélioration de la reconnaissance des émotions, des habiletés sociales de la communication et de la résolution de problèmes. Il fut implanté auprès de trois préadolescents ayant un trouble envahissant du développement sans déficience intellectuelle. Dix activités de groupe furent animées, dont la durée était d'environ 70 minutes. Le programme fut évalué à l'aide d'un protocole à cas unique de type ABA. Les résultats des auto-évaluations démontrent que les jeunes ont amélioré leur utilisation des habiletés sociales globales de communication. Leur capacité à proposer des solutions prosociales face à un conflit s'est aussi accrue. Toutefois, aucun effet n'a pu être observé sur le plan de la reconnaissance des émotions et du sentiment de compétence sociale. Différents facteurs expliquant ces résultats seront présentés ainsi que les forces et faiblesses de ce programme et de sa mise en oeuvre

Tree species identification on large-scale aerial photographs in a tropical rain forest, French Guiana—application for management and conservation

International audienceManagement and conservation planning of any ecosystem requires knowledge of species composition. This is a real challenge in tropical rain forests that are characterised by very high species richness and canopy access limitations. The possibility of approaching trees from remote sensing on large-scale aerial photographs, takes on its full significance in this context. Results of tree species identification by photo-interpretation in a French Guianan forest canopy are discussed, as well as an overview of the part of the forest accessible from the photographs. Two sets of aerial photographs were used. One set (1:3700 colour slides) covers 15 ha of primary forest, divided into a training set (TS, 5 ha) and a validation set (VS 1: 10 ha). Another validation set, taken in different conditions of acquisition, scale and season, is available for an adjacent area (VS 2: 6.5 ha). Aerial photographs captured a quarter of the tree community (dbh ! 10 cm) on average, and about 45% of the SGS (Species or Group of Species) on the training set. The crown appearance of 12 major canopy SGS, including commercial species and species of ecological interest, had been described in a previous work on the same training set. Following these descriptions, two photo-interpreters separately identified 309 tree crowns overall on VS 1, with a good agreement in their respective judgements. After their interpretations were checked in the field, the overall average identification success was high (87%) but the results varied according to the SGS. The results on VS 2 showed that some species displayed major seasonal and scale variations and were hardly recognized, whereas some others could be identified without modifying the learning process. The results are encouraging and this work will be extended as the identification of tropical rain forest trees from remote sensing has many applications, ranging from fundamental ecological knowledge of canopy species to the management and conservation of such highly diverse and hardly inventoried ecosystems

The Gapped-Factor Tree

International audienceWe present a data structure to index a specific kind of factors, that is of substrings, called gapped-factors. A gapped-factor is a factor containing a gap that is ignored during the indexation. The data structure presented is based on the suffix tree and indexes all the gapped-factors of a text with a fixed size of gap, and only those. The construction of this data structure is done online in linear time and space. Such a data structure may play an important role in various pattern matching and motif inference problems, for instance in text filtration

The EMSO-Azores deep sea observatory: 8 years of operation

The EMSO-Azores deep sea observatory is a component of the EMSO ERIC. It focuses on two main questions: What are the feedbacks between volcanism, deformation, seismicity, and hydrothermalism at a slow spreading mid-ocean ridge and how does the hydrothermal ecosystem couple with these sub-seabed processes? The infrastructure comprises 2 sea monitoring nodes, autonomous instruments and a set of site studies experiments. It has been deployed in 2010 in the Lucky Strike vent field and acquires multidisciplinary data since then.Peer Reviewe

Publicité sur Internet : que reste-t-il des mots, que reste-t-il des images, trois mois après en mémoire implicite ?

International audienceLa recherche expérimentale, menée auprès de 398 personnes, montre que la publicité interstitielle sur Internet (pop up) pour une marque inédite, regardée en faible allocation d'attention, laisse des traces affectives et sémantiques favorables à la marque huit jours après l'exposition, alors que les internautes ne se souviennent plus de l'exposition publicitaire et pensent qu'ils n'ont jamais vu la marque auparavant. Ces effets en mémoire implicite tiennent toujours après un délai de trois mois. On observe une supériorité des pop-ups utilisant le mot sur ceux utilisant l'image pour associer la marque à la catégorie de produits en mémoire implicite. Après avoir expliqué les processus cognitifs sous-tendant les effets et basés sur les fluidités perceptive et conceptuelle, l'article précise les apports des résultats pour les théories de la réception de la publicité sur Internet et ouvre quelques nouvelles perspectives de recherch

PPH dendrimers grafted on silica nanoparticles: surface chemistry, characterization, silver colloids hosting and antibacterial activity

Polyphosphorhydrazone (PPH) dendrimers have been grafted on silica nanoparticles, and the surface functions of the dendrimers have been derivatized to phosphonates with lateral poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) chains. All materials have been thoroughly characterized by MAS NMR, FT-IR, electron microscopy, TGA and elemental analysis. These materials successfully hosted silver and silver oxide nanoparticles. The resulting composites exhibit antibacterial activity

Sensorimotor learning in a Bayesian computational model of speech communication

International audienceAlthough sensorimotor exploration is a basic process within child development, clear views on the underlying computational processes remain challenging. We propose to compare eight algorithms for sensorimotor exploration, based on three components: " accommodation " performing a compromise between goal babbling and social guidance by a master, " local extrapolation " simulating local exploration of the sensorimotor space to achieve motor generalizations and " idiosyncratic babbling " which favors already explored motor commands when they are efficient. We will show that a mix of these three components offers a good compromise enabling efficient learning while reducing exploration as much as possible

Modeling the concurrent development of speech perception and production in a Bayesian framework: COSMO, a Bayesian computational model of speech communication: Assessing the role of sensory vs. motor knowledge in speech perception

International audienceIt is now widely accepted that there is a functional relationship between the speech perception and production systems in the human brain. However, the precise mechanisms and role of this relationship still remain debated. The question of invariance and robustness in categorization are set at the center of the debate: how is stable information extracted from the variable sensory input in order to achieve speech comprehension? In this context, auditory (resp. motor, perceptuo-motor) theories propose that speech is categorized thanks to auditory (resp. motor, perceptuo-motor) processes. However, experimental evidence is still scarce and does not allow to clearly distinguish between the current theories and determine whether invariance in speech perception is of an auditory or motor type. This is why we developed COSMO, a Bayesian model comparing sensory and motor processes in the form of probability distributions which enable both theoretical developments and quantitative simulations. A first significant result in COSMO is an indistinguishability theorem: it is only by simulations of adverse conditions or partial learning that the specificity of sensory vs. motor processing can emerge and provide a basis for evaluation of the specific role of each sub-system. We present the COSMO model, and how its sensory and motor sub-systems are learned, then we describe simulations exploring the way these sub-systems differ during speech categorization. We discuss the experimental results in the light of a “narrowband vs. wideband” interpretation: the sensory sub-system is more precisely tuned to the frequently learned sensory input and hence more efficient in recognizing these inputs, providing a “narrowband” system. Conversely, the motor sub-system is less accurate to recognize learned sensory inputs but it has better generalization properties, making it more robust to unexpected variability which would provide it with “wideband” characteristics

Assessing Idiosyncrasies in a Bayesian Model of Speech Communication

International audienceAlthough speakers of one specific language share the same phoneme representations, their productions can differ. We propose to investigate the development of these differences in production , called idiosyncrasies, by using a Bayesian model of communication. Supposing that idiosyncrasies appear during the development of the motor system, we present two versions of the motor learning phase, both based on the guidance of an agent master: " a repetition model " where agents try to imitate the sounds produced by the master and " a communication model " where agents try to replicate the phonemes produced by the master. Our experimental results show that only the " communication model " provides production idiosyncrasies, suggesting that idiosyncrasies are a natural output of a motor learning process based on a communicative goal

Sensorimotor learning in a Bayesian computational model of speech communication

International audienceAlthough sensorimotor exploration is a basic process within child development, clear views on the underlying computational processes remain challenging. We propose to compare eight algorithms for sensorimotor exploration, based on three components: " accommodation " performing a compromise between goal babbling and social guidance by a master, " local extrapolation " simulating local exploration of the sensorimotor space to achieve motor generalizations and " idiosyncratic babbling " which favors already explored motor commands when they are efficient. We will show that a mix of these three components offers a good compromise enabling efficient learning while reducing exploration as much as possible