Did education promote social mobility within the working class in Birmingham?

Using a unique data set which linked material from a multitude of sources, this research determined whether an association existed between education and subsequent achievement, in the Blue Coat Charity School in Birmingham between 1780 and 1850. The research followed the life course of pupils at the school from the time they were admitted to the time they left and then throughout their working lives to measure the extent of intragenerational and intergenerational social mobility. Subsequently, the mobility was then correlated to the extent of their educational achievements to determine whether their education enabled them to acquire a higher status role or move into a higher social class. The study found that the school provided quality education in comparison to other schools in the locality, and evidence suggests that overall those boys who excelled academically were more likely to obtain a beneficial apprenticeship. However they did not necessarily need academic skills to succeed and secure a degree of social mobility as the social capital they also acquired within the school was found to be as beneficial – if not more so – than their educational achievements. For the girls there was little sign that their education enhanced their status

Orthodontists\u27 Attitudes Toward Expanding Career Opportunities for the Dental Hygienist in Orthodontics

The purpose of this survey was to determine attitudes of orthodontists toward employing dental hygienists. A self-designed, 33 item questionnaire was used to obtain descriptive data. The questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of orthodontists chosen from the United States portion of the Orthodontic Directory of the World (N=500). Data were obtained from 298 orthodontists for a 58.6 percent response rate. The study suggests that although orthodontists believe dental hygienists are important oral health professionals (96.2 percent) and important parts of the orthodontic practice (32.6 percent), only 10.9 percent of orthodontists surveyed employ dental hygienists. Factors determined to be important in assessing orthodontists\u27 employment tendencies included the cost of employing a dental hygienist, the perceived adequacy of dental assistants in preventive oral health instruction, the office workload necessary to justify dental hygiene employment, and the necessity of the dental hygienist as part of the orthodontic team. Findings also suggest that orthodontists who graduated between 1960-1981 and orthodontists with large practices employ dental hygienists more frequently. In addition9 orthodontists surveyed in the northeast region employed dental hygienists more frequently than those in other regions

Two Hairdressers: Artistry & Communication

This paper is a study of two artists. They are hairdressers who are part of mainstream American culture. Juanita Sublett has been a hairdresser for twenty years, and has had basically the same clientele for that time. Her true artistry is not in the technical aspect of hairdos, but in the creation of a setting in which her clients wish to be. John Hopfensperger has been a hairdresser for eight years. He entered beauty school because he could be supported by his parents without having the academic pressures of college. After completing beauty school he had no intention of becoming a hairdresser, but could find no other :ob. He has created a hairdressing occupation that is totally suitable to himself. His clients can take or leave him; it makes very little difference to John. His artistry is in designing the best hairstyle he can for each of the people on whom he works. The two hairdressers presented i:re artists in totally different ways, and are portrayed through their biographies, their shops, and their different occupations within the field of hairdressing

Julie Hendrix and Foster Sommerlad in a Joint Senior Recital

This is the program for the joint senior recital of soprano Julie Henrix and tenor Foster Sommerlad. Pianist La Juana Terrell and violinist Candace Burton assisted Hendrix; pianist Sheryl Waters assisted Sommerlad. The recital took place on February 10, 1981, in the Mabee Fine Arts Center Recital Hall

Towards an Automatic Dictation System for Translators: the TransTalk Project

Professional translators often dictate their translations orally and have them typed afterwards. The TransTalk project aims at automating the second part of this process. Its originality as a dictation system lies in the fact that both the acoustic signal produced by the translator and the source text under translation are made available to the system. Probable translations of the source text can be predicted and these predictions used to help the speech recognition system in its lexical choices. We present the results of the first prototype, which show a marked improvement in the performance of the speech recognition task when translation predictions are taken into account.Comment: Published in proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP) 94. 4 pages, uuencoded compressed latex source with 4 postscript figure

Application of genetics and genomics to wildlife epidemiology

Wildlife diseases can have significant impacts on wildlife conservation and management. Many of the pathogens that affect wildlife also have important implications for domestic animal and human health. However, management interventions to prevent or control wildlife disease are hampered by uncertainties about the complex interactions between pathogens and free-ranging wildlife. We often lack crucial knowledge about host ecology, pathogen characteristics, and host–pathogen dynamics. The purpose of this review is to familiarize wildlife biologists and managers with the application of genetic and genomic methodologies for investigating pathogen and host biology to better understand and manage wildlife diseases. The genesis of this review was a symposium at the 2013 annual Wildlife Society Conference. We reviewed the scientific literature and used our personal experiences to identify studies that illustrate the application of genetic and genomic methods to advance our understanding of wildlife epidemiology, focusing on recent research, new techniques, and innovative approaches. Using examples from a variety of pathogen types and a broad array of vertebrate taxa, we describe how genetics and genomics can provide tools to detect and characterize pathogens, uncover routes of disease transmission and spread, shed light on the ways that disease susceptibility is influenced by both host and pathogen attributes, and elucidate the impacts of disease on wildlife populations. Genetic and increasingly genomic methodologies will continue to contribute important insights into pathogen and host biology that will aid efforts to assess and mitigate the impacts of wildlife diseases on global health and conservation of biodiversity

Mission Concepts and Operations for Asteroid Mitigation Involving Multiple Gravity Tractors

The gravity tractor concept is a proposed method to deflect an imminent asteroid impact through gravitational tugging over a time scale of years. In this study, we present mission scenarios and operational considerations for asteroid mitigation efforts involving multiple gravity tractors. We quantify the deflection performance improvement provided by a multiple gravity tractor campaign and assess its sensitivity to staggered launches. We next explore several proximity operation strategies to accommodate multiple gravity tractors at a single asteroid including formation-flying and mechanically-docked configurations. Finally, we utilize 99942 Apophis as an illustrative example to assess the performance of a multiple gravity tractor campaign

Shorter Migration Distances Associated with Higher Winter Temperatures Suggest a Mechanism for Advancing Nesting Phenology of American Kestrels \u3cem\u3eFalco sparverius\u3c/em\u3e

Global climate change has affected avian migration patterns and nesting phenology. Changes in one phase of a bird\u27s cycle will most likely affect other stages, but few studies focus simultaneously on multiple life-history events. We used western North American ringing records and Christmas Bird Counts to examine whether changes in migration patterns were concordant with advancing American kestrel Falco sparverius nesting phenology. Consistent with previous findings, male kestrels migrated shorter distances than female kestrels, and kestrels nesting in southern latitudes migrated shorter distances than kestrels nesting in more northern areas. In addition, kestrel migration distance decreased significantly from 1960 to 2009 and was negatively associated with winter minimum temperatures. Christmas Birds Counts from the same time period showed increasing indices of overwintering kestrel abundance in northern states (Washington, Idaho, and Utah), where winter minimum temperatures have increased significantly, and concomitant decreases in southern states (California and Arizona). Finally, changes in nesting phenology of kestrels in southwestern Idaho were best explained by warmer winters, not springs. Warmer winters may decrease energetic demands on migrants by allowing for shorter migration distances, decreasing thermoregulatory costs, or both. Decreased energy demands during winter may allow birds to gain resources necessary for reproduction earlier in the nesting season. Higher winter temperatures that decrease (former) constraints on early nesting may be a particularly important mechanism leading to advancing nesting phenology for species with strong seasonal declines in fecundity or intense early season competition for high-quality nesting areas