Efeitos analgésico, hemostático, renal e digestório na administração perioperatória de vedaprofeno, tramadol ou de sua associação em felinos submetidos à ovariosalpingohisterectomia

A eficácia analgésica e a segurança do tramadol, vedaprofeno ou de sua associação foram comparadas em um estudo cego, aleatorizado e placebo controlado, realizado em 40 gatas submetidas à ovariosalpingohisterectomia. Os animais foram separados em 4 grupos de igual número: GV – vedaprofeno; GT – tramadol; GVT – vedaprofeno e tramadol; GP – placebo. As gatas foram tratadas com 0,5 mg/kg de vedaprofeno (GV e GVT) ou gel placebo (GT e GP), via oral, uma hora antes da indução anestésica, 24 e 48h após o primeiro tratamento e tramadol 2 mg/kg (GT e GVT) ou solução salina (GV e GP), via subcutânea, uma hora antes da indução anestésica e a cada 8h por 72h. A anestesia foi induzida com propofol (8 mg/kg, IV) e mantida com isofluorano (1,8 ± 0,35 % expirado) em oxigênio. O escore de dor, avaliado pela escala de contagem variável (ECV) e escala analógica visual (EAV), e a hiperalgesia, determinada pelo limiar mecânico nociceptivo por meio dos filamentos de von Frey, foram registrados no período pré-operatório e nas 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72 e 96 horas e no 7º dia após a cirurgia. Quando o escore da ECV atingiu pontuação acima de 33% do valor máximo da escala foi administrado 0,5 mg/kg de morfina IM, como analgésico de resgate. A concentração sérica de cortisol foi mensurada nos períodos pré, transoperatório e 1, 4, 8, 24 e 48 horas de pós-operatório. A agregação plaquetária in vitro em resposta à ADP, o tempo de sangramento in vivo e as concentrações séricas de alanina amino-transferase (ALT), fosfatase alcalina (FA), gama glutamil-transferase (GGT), uréia e creatinina foram determinadas...The analgesic efficacy and the safety of the use of tramadol, vedaprofen or their combination were compared in a blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled study in 40 female cats. The cats were assigned to four groups of same number: GV- vedaprofen; GT'tramadol; GVT' vedaprofen plus tramadol; GP' placebo. Cats were treated with 0.5 mg/kg of vedaprofen (GV and GVT) or gel placebo (GT and GP), orally, one hour before anesthetic induction, 24 and 48 hours after the first treatment and tramadol 2 mg/kg (GT and GVT) or saline (GV and GP), subcutaneous, one hour before anesthetic induction and every eight hours for 72 hours. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (8 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.8l0.35% end-tidal) in oxygen. The pain scores, evaluated by the numeric rating scale (NRS) and visual analogue scale (VAS), and hyperalgesia, determined by the mechanical nociceptive threshold assessed by applying calibrated von Frey filaments, were recorded before surgery, at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 28, 32, 48, 52, 56, 72, 96 hours and 7 days after surgery. Rescue analgesia with 0.5 mg/kg of morphine IM, was performed when NRS was above 33% of the maximum value. Serum cortisol concentration was measured before, during, at 1, 4, 8, 24 and 48 hours after surgery. The platelet aggregation (in vitro response to ADP), the bleeding time (in vivo) and the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), urea and creatinine concentrations were evaluated before and after surgery. Vomit and feces consistency were monitored. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way parametric and nonparametric analyses of variance for repeated measures with respective post hoc test (p<0.05). The animals from GT required significantly less intervention analgesia than GP and GV. The control group required... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Refinement and initial validation of a multidimensional composite scale for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats

Objective-To refine and test construct validity and reliability of a composite pain scale for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.Sample Population-40 cats that underwent ovariohysterectomy in a previous study.Procedures-In a previous randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, a composite pain scale was developed to assess postoperative pain in cats that received a placebo or an analgesic (tramadol, vedaprofen, or tramadol-vedaprofen combination). In the present study, the scale was refined via item analysis (distribution frequency and occurrence), a nonparametric ANOVA, and item-to-total score correlation. Construct validity was assessed via factor analysis and known-groups discrimination, and reliability was measured by assessing internal consistency.Results-Respiratory rate and respiratory pattern were rejected after item analysis. Factor analysis resulted in 5 dimensions (F1 [psychomotor change], posture, comfort, activity, mental status, and miscellaneous behaviors; F2 [protection of wound area], reaction to palpation of the surgical wound and palpation of the abdomen and flank; F3 [physiologic variables], systolic arterial blood pressure and appetite; F4 [vocal expression of pain], vocalization; and F5 [heart rate]). Internal consistency was excellent for the overall scale and for, F2, and F3; very good for F4; and unacceptable for F5. Except for heart rate, the identified factors and scale total score could be used to detect differences between the analgesic and placebo groups and differences among the analgesic treatments.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results provided initial evidence of construct validity and reliability of a multidimensional composite tool for use in assessing acute postoperative pain in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. (Am J Vet Res 2011;72:174-183)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Ciência Rural

Comparison of morphine, ketoprofen and Arnica montana 6x and 30x per oral transmucosal or subcutaneous route for control of postoperative pain in cats subjected to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy Ciência Rural, vol. 46, núm. 2, febrero, 2016, pp. 330-335 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Santa Maria, Brasi

Comparison of morphine, ketoprofen and Arnica montana 6x and 30x per oral transmucosal or subcutaneous route for control of postoperative pain in cats subjected to hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy

ABSTRACT: The postoperative analgesic effect of Arnica montana (Arnica) was compared to morphine and ketoprofen in 50 cats following hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (HSO). Cats were randomly allocated to five groups (n=10) and were treated 30 minutes before surgery and over 72 hours with 1ml of Arnica 30x per subcutaneous (SC) route (GA30SC); Arnica 30x per oral transmucosal route (P.O.) (GA30PO); Arnica 6x P.O. (GA6PO); morphine 0.1mg kg-1 SC (GM) SID or ketoprofen 2mg kg-1 SC (GK) before and 1mg kg-1 after surgery. Sedation and postoperative pain were assessed by means of a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and variable count scale (VCS) and hyperalgesia using an esthesiometer. Whenever the VAS and VCS scores attained 33% of the maximum value, rescue analgesia was performed with morphine 0.3mg kg-1 per the intramuscular (IM) route. Other variables assessed were vomiting, defecation, urination, body weight and wound healing. Vomiting only occurred in animals treated with morphine. The groups did not differ in defecation, urination, body weight or wound healing. Hyperalgesia was detected only on the occasions that the criterion for rescue analgesia was met. One animal in GK and one in GM required rescue analgesia, differing from groups GA30SC, GA30PO and GA6PO, in which 4, 4 and 5 animals, respectively, required rescue analgesia. It can be concluded that ketoprofen and morphine were more efficacious than Arnica and that there was no difference among the various potencies and routes of administration of Arnica for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing HSO

Intravenous Application of Metronidazole, Ceftriaxone and Enrofloxacin in Dogs Anesthetized with Isoflurane: Impact of Hemodynamic and Cardiorespiratory Parameters

Background: The prophylactic use of antimicrobials in patients undergoing surgery is widely performed due to its power to reduce and control infections in the surgical site. Metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin are drugs widely used in veterinary medicine, even during anesthesia, either in healthy patients or under critical conditions. Despite several reports on hemodynamic reactions after intravenous application of antimicrobials in dogs, there are few studies on these effects in dogs undergoing anesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory effects of metronidazole, ceftriaxone and enrofloxacin in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Forty healthy bitches were used, equally divided into four experimental groups of 10 animals each: placebo group (PG), metronidazole group (MG), ceftriaxone group (CG) and enrofloxacin group (EG). After the experimental phase of data collection, all animals were submitted to ovariohysterectomy using the minimally invasive approach. A catheter was placed in the dorsal metatarsal artery for direct blood pressure monitoring, with systolic (SBP), mean (MBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were continuously monitored by means of a transducer connected to a multiparametric monitor. The others measured data were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (T°C), carbon dioxide expired fraction (ETCO2), oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (SpO2) in T0 (time immediately before performing the treatment), 5 (T5), 10 (T10), 15 (T15), 20 (T20) and 30 (T30) minutes after administration of the antimicrobial. Anesthetic induction was performed with propofol and anesthetic maintenance was performed with isoflurane. After reaching anesthesia with a surgical plan, all parameters were measured before treatments were performed (T0). Then the sodium chloride solution (0.9% NaCl), 25 mg/kg of metronidazole, 30 mg/kg of ceftriaxone or 5 mg/kg of enrofloxacin was administered in cefalic vein. No complications were observed during anesthesia and surgery in all groups. The animals were monitored for three h after the end of the surgery, and then dispensed without prescription of antimicrobials in the recovery period. The HR showed a significant reduction in T5 and T30 compared to the baseline in EG. The RR had a significant increase in T30 in relation to T0 after the administration of 0.9% NaCl in PG. There were no statistically significant changes in HR for groups PG, MG and CG, and RR for groups EG, MG and CG. SBP and MBP had a significant decrease after 30 min of ceftriaxone application. There was a significant decrease in MBP at T5, T10 and T15 compared to baseline in EG. No changes in blood pressure were detected in PG and MG. The ToC showed a significant reduction from T10 to T30 in the GP, from T5 to T30 in the SG, in the T30 in the GM from T20 to T30 in the GC. For all groups, there were no changes in SpO2, ETCO2 and PAD during the study.Discussion: It was concluded that all studied antimicrobials can be used in prophylactic therapy in dogs, in doses recommended by the literature, as the observed changes are subject to correction and can be easily controlled by a qualified anesthetist. The antimicrobial that did not show cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic changes after intravenous application in bitches anesthetized with isoflurane was metronidazole, so its administration was considered safer when compared to enrofloxacin and ceftriaxone, under the conditions of this study, however its indication is punctual, being restricted to cases of infections by anaerobic agents.