Growth of Unsteady Wave Groups by Shear Flows

A weakly nonlinear theory has been proposed and developed for calculating the energy- transfer rate to individual waves in a group. It is shown what portion of total energy- transfer rate, over the envelope of wave group, affects individual waves in the group. From this an expression for complex phase speed of individual waves is calculated. It is deduced that each wave in a group does not grow at the same rate. It is shown that the critical layer is no longer symmetrical compared with the ideal monochromatic waves. This asymmetry causes the critical layer height to be lower over the downwind part. Therefore the positive growth of the individual waves on the upwind part of the wave group exceeds the negative growth on the downwind part (which would not be true if zc, where the mean of U is equal to the speed of the wave propagation, was the same over the whole group). This leads to the critical layer group effect producing a net horizontal force on the waves, in addition to the sheltering effect. Computational simulations over a non-growing wave group is also presented, which confirms the above postulation made by Sajjadi, Hunt and Drullion (2014) (SHD)

Circlator: automated circularization of genome assemblies using long sequencing reads

The assembly of DNA sequence data is undergoing a renaissance thanks to emerging technologies capable of producing reads tens of kilobases long. Assembling complete bacterial and small eukaryotic genomes is now possible, but the final step of circularizing sequences remains unsolved. Here we present Circlator, the first tool to automate assembly circularization and produce accurate linear representations of circular sequences. Using Pacific Biosciences and Oxford Nanopore data, Circlator correctly circularized 26 of 27 circularizable sequences, comprising 11 chromosomes and 12 plasmids from bacteria, the apicoplast and mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum and a human mitochondrion. Circlator is available at http://sanger-pathogens.github.io/circlator/

Knowledge of and preferred sources of assistance for physical activity in a sample of urban Indigenous Australians

Background: To examine urban Indigenous Australians' knowledge of the current Physical Activity Guidelines (PAG) and identify their preferred sources of assistance or advice regarding physical activity.----- Method: Self-completed questionnaire data were collected from 194 participants; the questionnaires sought information on standard demographics including an assessment of their perceived physical activity level relative to peers. Outcome measures were agreement with five statements from the current PAG and indicators of preferred sources of assistance or advice regarding physical activity.----- Results: Most participants demonstrated excellent knowledge of the current PAG, with 92% to 88% of participants agreeing with the statements. Significantly more older participants (> 44 years) identified that 'blocks of 10 minutes of activity are OK' compared to younger participants (aged 18–44 years: 60%; X2 = 6.23; p = .04). Significantly more higher educated participants agreed (96%) that 'brisk walking for half an hour most days was good for health' compared to the less educated participants (85%; X2 = 8.08; p = .02). The most preferred source of physical activity advice identified by men was the GP/health professional (62% vs. 53%; men and women respectively, NS), while for women it was a group to be active with (60% vs. 42%; women and men respectively; X2 = 6.09; p = .01).----- Conclusion: Urban Indigenous Australians have similar levels of knowledge regarding the PAG to non-Indigenous Australians. However, the option of accumulating 10-minute activity bouts needs to be better communicated to younger Indigenous people. Most participants expressed a preference for advice about physical activity to be delivered via health professionals, and groups to be active with. Indigenous and age-specific resources that promote the unique aspects of the current PAG (e.g., that vigorous exercise is not essential for health and blocks of 10 minutes of activity are OK) should be developed and disseminated

An Examination of the Effects of Item Grouping on Internal Consistency and Scale Intercorrelation

Developers of multidimensional tests must decide whether to group items measuring the same construct together or list the items randomly. The effects of item grouping are not well established by the few existing studies. This study examined the effects of item grouping on the psychometric properties of a personality inventory measuring conscientiousness and extraversion. Two hundred and four undergraduate students were administered the test with the items listed in either a grouped or ungrouped format. Internal consistency reliability was estimated with coefficient alpha. Grouping test items failed to increase scale reliability (.80 for ungrouped versus .76 for grouped) or decrease scale intercorrelation (.31 for grouped items versus .27 for ungrouped items). The differences between these correlations were not significant. Reasons for the findings are offered and recommendations are given for future studies

Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector

Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use. This paper reviews the existing literature on the application of IoT in in energy systems, in general, and in the context of smart grids particularly. Furthermore, we discuss enabling technologies of IoT, including cloud computing and different platforms for data analysis. Furthermore, we review challenges of deploying IoT in the energy sector, including privacy and security, with some solutions to these challenges such as blockchain technology. This survey provides energy policy-makers, energy economists, and managers with an overview of the role of IoT in optimization of energy systems.Peer reviewe

Internet of Things (IoT) and the Energy Sector

Integration of renewable energy and optimization of energy use are key enablers of sustainable energy transitions and mitigating climate change. Modern technologies such the Internet of Things (IoT) offer a wide number of applications in the energy sector, i.e, in energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT can be employed for improving energy efficiency, increasing the share of renewable energy, and reducing environmental impacts of the energy use. This paper reviews the existing literature on the application of IoT in in energy systems, in general, and in the context of smart grids particularly. Furthermore, we discuss enabling technologies of IoT, including cloud computing and different platforms for data analysis. Furthermore, we review challenges of deploying IoT in the energy sector, including privacy and security, with some solutions to these challenges such as blockchain technology. This survey provides energy policy-makers, energy economists, and managers with an overview of the role of IoT in optimization of energy systems.Peer reviewe

Turbulence and Wave Dynamics Across Gas–Liquid Interfaces

Mechanisms are reviewed here for the distortion of turbulent flows near thin density interfaces and their effects on transfer processes across them. Firstly the results of rapid distortion calculations show how the in homogeneous eddy structure depends on whether the turbulence is generated above or below the interface, or in both regions. The flow is unstratified and the buoyancy forces are stable and strong enough relative to the inertial forces that the interface is continuous. It is shown that as the surface blocks the vertical turbulent eddy motions, horizontal straining motions are induced which affect the surface viscous layers and can then induce motions some distance from the interface on the opposite side from where the turbulence is generated. Secondly the paper reviews the physical mechanisms controlling how wind flows over monochromatic and groups of surface waves. The results of triple deck theory for turbulent shear flows, i. e. combining sheltering and unsteady critical layer mechanisms, explain why groups are the most efficient mechanism for waves to extract energy from the wind and therefore enhance transfer properties between atmosphere and water bodies. The third section of the paper reviews the mechanisms for the generation of turbulence coherent roll structures in the ocean surface layer, resulting from surface shear turbulence (normal stress variations), wave-mean shear vortex stretching and rotation, i.e. Langmuir cells, and unstable buoyancy forces (i.e. cooling at the surface) plus mean shear also via vortex rotation. Since these mechanisms are generally additive - exceptional situations exist - they are effective in transporting fluxes downwards into the ocean surface layers