Necessity Specifications for Robustness

Robust modules guarantee to do only what they are supposed to do - even in the presence of untrusted, malicious clients, and considering not just the direct behaviour of individual methods, but also the emergent behaviour from calls to more than one method. Necessity is a language for specifying robustness, based on novel necessity operators capturing temporal implication, and a proof logic that derives explicit robustness specifications from functional specifications. Soundness and an exemplar proof are mechanised in Coq

An integrated care pathway for menorrhagia across the primary–secondary interface : patients' experience, clinical outcomes, and service utilisation

Background: ‘‘Referral’’ characterises a significant area of interaction between primary and secondary care. Despite advantages, it can be inflexible, and may lead to duplication. Objective: To examine the outcomes of an integrated model that lends weight to general practitioner (GP)-led evidence based care. Design: A prospective, non-random comparison of two services: women attending the new (Bridges) pathway compared with those attending a consultant-led one-stop menstrual clinic (OSMC). Patients’ views were examined using patient career diaries, health and clinical outcomes, and resource utilisation. Follow-up was for 8 months. Setting: A large teaching hospital and general practices within one primary care trust (PCT). Results: Between March 2002 and June 2004, 99 women in the Bridges pathway were compared with 94 women referred to the OSMC by GPs from non-participating PCTs. The patient career diary demonstrated a significant improvement in the Bridges group for patient information, fitting in at the point of arrangements made for the patient to attend hospital (ease of access) (p,0.001), choice of doctor (p = 0.020), waiting time for an appointment (p,0.001), and less ‘‘limbo’’ (patient experience of non-coordination between primary and secondary care) (p,0.001). At 8 months there were no significant differences between the two groups in surgical and medical treatment rates or in the use of GP clinic appointments. Significantly fewer (traditional) hospital outpatient appointments were made in the Bridges group than in the OSMC group (p,0.001). Conclusion: A general practice-led model of integrated care can significantly reduce outpatient attendance while improving patient experience, and maintaining the quality of care

Spatial structuring of a Legionella pneumophila population within the water system of a large occupational building.

The diversity of Legionella pneumophila populations within single water systems is not well understood, particularly in those unassociated with cases of Legionnaires' disease. Here, we performed genomic analysis of 235 L. pneumophila isolates obtained from 28 water samples in 13 locations within a large occupational building. Despite regular treatment, the water system of this building is thought to have been colonized by L. pneumophila for at least 30 years without evidence of association with Legionnaires' disease cases. All isolates belonged to one of three sequence types (STs), ST27 (n=81), ST68 (n=122) and ST87 (n=32), all three of which have been recovered from Legionnaires' disease patients previously. Pairwise single nucleotide polymorphism differences amongst isolates of the same ST were low, ranging from 0 to 19 in ST27, from 0 to 30 in ST68 and from 0 to 7 in ST87, and no homologous recombination was observed in any lineage. However, there was evidence of horizontal transfer of a plasmid, which was found in all ST87 isolates and only one ST68 isolate. A single ST was found in 10/13 sampled locations, and isolates of each ST were also more similar to those from the same location compared with those from different locations, demonstrating spatial structuring of the population within the water system. These findings provide the first insights into the diversity and genomic evolution of a L. pneumophila population within a complex water system not associated with disease

The Grizzly, October 26, 2017

History of Halloween • Senior English Majors go Gothic • SAO Plans Halloween Trip to Dorney • Senior Halloween Party: An Ursinus Tradition • Fright Night: Phoenixville Theatre Hosts Horror Film Series • Spooky Ursinus Folk • Something Wicked This Way Comes • Opinions: A Ghost Story Haunts with Quiet Pain and Loss; Trick-or-Treating Should End for Children Older than Thirteen • Superstitions Win Confidence for Ursinus Student Athletes • First Year Athletes Face Scary New Adjustmentshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1629/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 9, 2017

Department of Education Rolls Back Piece of Title IX • Joe DeSimone \u2786 Receives Heinz Award • New Education Major Created • Nadler Awarded Tow Fellowship • Dr. Kerr Appears on Full Frontal with Samantha Bee • History of a Historian • Opinions: Male Gun Violence Must End with Restrictive Gun Legislation; JFK\u27s Legacy Should be More Than Assassination Conspiracies • Senior Athletes Share Memories as Fall Sports Seasons Wind to a Close • Football Drops Three of Last Four Gameshttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1631/thumbnail.jp

The Grizzly, November 16, 2017

Democrats Sweep Local Elections • Sustainability Office Recognized by the Princeton Review • Bear2Bear Fund Aids Students with Emergency Expenses • UCDC Fall Show, Once Removed, Opens This Thursday • Pride Shines at Ursinus • Build Character, Write Now • Opinions: Student Leaders Must be Better Allies Through Their Actions; Paradise Papers Reveal Unethical Tax Avoidance by Tech Companies • UCXC Finishes Strong • Men\u27s Basketball Picked Fourth in Preseason Pollhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/grizzlynews/1632/thumbnail.jp

Radikalisierung im Internet: ein systematischer Überblick über Forschungsstand, Wirkungsebenen sowie Implikationen für Wissenschaft und Praxis

Im Zuge des Medienwandels und der stetigen Ausdifferenzierung verfügbarer Online-Angebote verlagert sich nicht nur das alltägliche Leben zunehmend ins Digitale, sondern auch die Aktivitäten extremistischer Akteure. In Folge technologischer und gesellschaftlicher Entwicklungen (z.B. hinsichtlich zunehmender Gewaltbereitschaft im Rahmen von Covid-19-Demonstrationen) rücken Befürchtungen, das Internet könne eine Radikalisierung fördern, in den Fokus wissenschaftlicher und öffentlicher Debatten. Die Durchdringung des Alltags durch das Internet ist daher auch zentral bei der Analyse, Diskussion und Prävention von Radikalisierungsdynamiken. Die genaue Rolle des Internets in Radikalisierungsprozessen hängt dabei von verschiedenen Faktoren ab. Anhand einer systematischen Literaturanalyse von 216 Publikationen zu Radikalisierung im Internet wird ein Überblick über das Forschungsfeld generiert. Die Systematisierung der Literatur erfolgt auf drei Betrachtungsebenen, nämlich (1) der Unterscheidung von Wirkmechanismen auf Mikro-, Meso- und Makroebene, (2) der Modellierung von Radikalisierungsdynamiken entlang des Kommunikationsprozesses (Kommunikator:innen, Inhalt, Medium, Rezipient:innen) sowie (3) der differenzierten Betrachtung unterschiedlicher digitaler Räume im Kontext ihrer Nutzungspotenziale (Affordanzen) für extremistische Akteure. Darauf aufbauend werden Forschungslücken und Potenziale für künftige Studien sowie Handlungsempfehlungen für Akteure aus Praxis und Politik abgeleitet. Die Analyse verdeutlicht: Das Internet kann Radikalisierungsdynamiken beschleunigen, indem es die Effektivität und Effizienz potenziell radikalisierender Kommunikationsprozesse erhöht, beispielsweise durch den Zugang zu größeren, globalen Zielgruppen oder Reichweitensteigerung. Extremistische Akteure nutzen das volle Angebotspotenzial und multimediale Inhalte (z.B. Videos, Podcasts, Memes) werden mit teils hohem Aufwand zielgruppenorientiert produziert. Die Angebotsstrukturen des Internets und (alternativer) sozialer Medien ermöglichen auch eine Selbstradikalisierung unabhängig von Offline-Kontakten. Auf unmoderierten Plattformen werden extremistische Inhalte, Hassrede und Hetze verbreitet, Anschlagsplanung ermöglicht und Fringe Communities, die thematisch zum Teil hochgradig spezifisch erscheinen (z.B. Incels, Manosphere) und trotzdem ideologische Überschneidungen zu bekannten extremistischen Bewegungen haben, können gedeihen. Die großen sozialen Medienplattformen sind weiterhin zentral für extremistische Akteure zur Reichweitengenerierung, Rekrutierung sowie Mobilisierung. Online-Radikalisierung ist niemals von Offline-Geschehen entkoppelt und eine Trennung von digital versus 'realweltlich' ist wenig zielführend, weil Internetnutzung ein zunehmend selbstverständlicher Bestandteil des Alltags ist. Welche Charakteristika digitaler Kommunikationsangebote Radikalisierung fördern und in welchem Umfang, kann auf Basis des aktuellen Forschungsstandes nicht ausreichend beantwortet werden. Das liegt 1) allgemein an der Komplexität der Erforschung von Radikalisierungsdynamiken, 2) der noch dünnen Befundlage zu Online-Radikalisierung, 3) der hohen Schwierigkeit und Kosten, die Kommunikationsdiffusion über digitale Räume hinweg zu erforschen, 4) der Verantwortungsverweigerung von Plattformunternehmen und 5) der Dynamik technischer Veränderung und digitaler Infrastrukturen. Um Online-Radikalisierung besser zu verstehen, müssen die Forschungslücken adressiert werden. Erweiterungsbedarf besteht unter anderem bei der Entwicklung und empirischen Überprüfung von Indikatoren für Online-Radikalisierungsdynamiken, aber auch bei Untersuchungen zu Gruppenprozessen sowie Betrachtungen im Längsschnitt. Wissenschaft, Prävention, Politik und Sicherheitsbehörden müssen im kontinuierlichen Austausch stehen, wenn in Gewalt kulminierende Radikalisierungsdynamiken sowie Extremismus konsequent begegnet werden soll

Seeding and Establishment of Legionella pneumophila in Hospitals: Implications for Genomic Investigations of Nosocomial Legionnaires' Disease.

BACKGROUND: Legionnaires' disease is an important cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia and is caused by infection with the bacterium Legionella. Because current typing methods often fail to resolve the infection source in possible nosocomial cases, we aimed to determine whether whole-genome sequencing (WGS) could be used to support or refute suspected links between cases and hospitals. We focused on cases involving a major nosocomial-associated strain, L. pneumophila sequence type (ST) 1. METHODS: WGS data from 229 L. pneumophila ST1 isolates were analyzed, including 99 isolates from the water systems of 17 hospitals and 42 clinical isolates from patients with confirmed or suspected hospital-acquired infections, as well as isolates obtained from or associated with community-acquired sources of Legionnaires' disease. RESULTS: Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all hospitals from which multiple isolates were obtained have been colonized by 1 or more distinct ST1 populations. However, deep sampling of 1 hospital also revealed the existence of substantial diversity and ward-specific microevolution within the population. Across all hospitals, suspected links with cases were supported with WGS, although the degree of support was dependent on the depth of environmental sampling and available contextual information. Finally, phylogeographic analysis revealed that hospitals have been seeded with L. pneumophila via both local and international spread of ST1. CONCLUSIONS: WGS can be used to support or refute suspected links between hospitals and Legionnaires' disease cases. However, deep hospital sampling is frequently required due to the potential coexistence of multiple populations, existence of substantial diversity, and similarity of hospital isolates to local populations

Words matter: a systematic review of communication in non-native aquatic species literature

How scientists communicate can influence public viewpoints on invasive species. In the scientific litera-ture, some invasion biologists adopt neutral language, while others use more loaded language, for example by emphasizing the devastating impacts of invasive species and outlining consequences for policy and practice. An evaluation of the use of language in the invasion biology literature does not exist, preventing us from understanding which frames are used and whether there are correlations between message framing in scientific papers and local environmental impacts associated with invasive species. Thus, we conducted a systematic literature review of 278 peer-reviewed articles published from 2008-2018 to understand communication styles adopted by social and natural scientists while reporting on aquatic non-native spe-cies research. Species-centered frames (45%) and human-centered frames (55%) were adopted to nearly equal degrees. Negative valence was dominant in that 81.3% of articles highlighted the negative risks and impacts of invasive species. Additionally, the use of terminology was found to broadly align with the stage of invasion, in that "invasive" was most commonly used except when the research was conducted at early stages of invasion, when "non-native" was most commonly used. Terminology use therefore enables readers of scientific papers to infer the status and severity of ongoing invasions. Given that science communication within the peer-reviewed literature affects public understanding of research outcomes, these findings provide an important point of reflection for researchers

Help-seeking attitudes and behaviours for mental health problems in adolescents before and during the first COVID-19 school closures in Germany.

AIM Comparing measures of psychological wellbeing and help-seeking in youths before and within the first school closures due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic enables a better understanding of the effects the pandemic has for those seeking professional help for mental health problems. METHODS Data were obtained from the Germany-based ProHEAD school study. Pre-lockdown and lockdown samples (n = 648) were compared regarding pupils' psychological wellbeing, help-seeking attitudes and help-seeking behaviour. RESULTS Participants from the lockdown sample showed greater positive attitudes towards seeking professional help, whereas psychological wellbeing and help-seeking behaviour remained stable. CONCLUSIONS Possible explanations may include an increased public discourse on mental health or self-selection bias for participation during lockdown