Silicon Germanium Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor for Digital Application

Bipolar transistor performances can be characterized by figures of merit such as cut-off frequency, maximum frequency of oscillation and Emitter Coupled Logic gate delay. We studied the required figures of merit for digital application and the effects of lateral and vertical scaling to the figures of merit of SiGe Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor. With lateral scaling, the width of emitter finger is scaled down from 0.25 to 0.12 μm while with the vertical scaling, the base width is scaled down to reduce the base delay. We also observed the effects of Ge profile and Ge fraction to the devices performances. Bipole3 5.3.1G is used to help us in the study. We found that high frequency cut-off and maximum frequency of oscillation as well as low Emitter Coupled Logic gate delay are all important for digital applications. Scaling down the emitter finger width enhanced the maximum frequency of oscillation and reduced Emitter Coupled Logic gate delay significantly while scaling down the base width increased the cutoff frequency and current gain

Effects of noises on near infrared sensor for blood glucose level measurement

This paper proposed the method of measuring glucose level in solution using near infrared light (NIR) and photodiode sensor. We studied noises that occurred on the output signal of NIR sensor in three different room conditions in order to know the effects on this sensor output voltage stability. The sensor’s circuit consisted of a 1450 nm NIR light emitting diode, a photodiode as the receiver, transimpedance amplifier, a notch filter, and a 4th order low pass filter. The results indicated that sunlight passing through windows was the most influencing factor caused the unstable sensor output voltage. Filters removed the effective voltages and the average sensor output voltages from the three rooms were 4.6825 V for air media, 2.2809 V for water media and 2.3368 V for glucose solution media. The output voltages tended to increase for one-hour measurement about 10 to 40 mV for air media, 40 to 90 mV for water media and 30 to 80 mV for glucose solution media. This sensor could only be used in a short time and suitable in a room without sunlight. Based on the voltage difference of the average sensor output voltage with water and glucose solution media, the sensor had the potential to be a blood glucose level meter

Comparative study of 940 nm and 1450 nm near infrared sensor for glucose concentration monitoring

In order to manage their blood glucose level, diabetics have to test their blood glucose level regularly. Unfortunately, the current blood glucose measurement device is uncomfortable, painful, event costly for the diabetics; therefore, a lot of effort is given to develop a noninvasive blood glucose meter. We studied the potential of two near infrared wavelength i.e. 1450 and 940 nm as glucose sensor. Each sensor consists of a light emitting diode (LED) as light source, a photodiode that is sensitive to that wavelength, transimpedance amplifier, and filters. An acrylic box size 5cmx1cmx5cm was used as glucose solution container. The LED and photodiode were located at each side of box width, at 1 cm distance. The container was than filled with various concentrations of glucose solution, and the sensor output voltages were measured. The results show that for glucose concentration 0 to 500 mg/dl, the output voltages of the 1450 nm sensor tend to lower when the glucose concentration is higher, therefore it has the potential to be used as glucose sensor. Different result is obtained from the 940 nm sensor where the output voltages were remained the same when the glucose concentration was varied

PERANCANGAN SISTEM PARKIR DENGAN REKOMENDASI LOKASI PARKIR

Vehicle parking is an absolute thing that is needed in public places or public facilities. Finding a parking spot becomes difficult in big cities, especially during rush hour. Parking system that already exists in several cities in Indonesia can provide information of the availability of parking at the entrance. However, this system is still not helping enough for the driver, they still need to find their own parking spot that is time consuming and can lead to jam or stuck in the parking area. In this study, a parking system with recommended parking location has been designed. Driver will receive printout of parking ticket from a thermal printer that contain the closest parking location to the entrance of the building or facility. From the results of tests performed, it has generated a parking system that can provide recommendations parking location by checking the order using microcontroller program. Each parking location equipped with parking sensors to detect the presence of vehicles. At the entrance, seven segment display provides information of the number of available parking slot. Keywords: microcontroller, parking location recommendation, parking sensor Tempat parkir kendaraan merupakan hal mutlak yang sangat dibutuhkan di tempat-tempat umum atau fasilitas publik. Menemukan tempat parkir kosong menjadi hal yang sulit di kota-kota besar terutama pada jam sibuk. Sistem parkir yang sudah ada di beberapa kota besar di Indonesia dapat memberikan informasi ketersediaan tempat parkir di pintu masuk. Namun sistem ini dirasa masih kurang membantu karena pengemudi masih harus mencari tempat parkir sendiri sehingga menghabiskan waktu dan dapat menimbulkan kemacetan di area parkir. Dalam penelitian ini dirancang sistem parkir dengan rekomendasi lokasi parkir. Pengendara akan penerima printout tiket dari printer termal yang bertuliskan lokasi parkir yang disarankan yaitu yang terdekat dengan pintu masuk bangunan atau fasilitas. Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, telah dihasilkan sistem parkir yang dapat memberikan rekomendasi lokasi parkir berdasarkan pengecekan urutan oleh program mikrokontroler. Di setiap lokasi parkir terdapat sensor untuk mendeteksi keberadaan kendaraan. Di bagian pintu masuk, tampilan seven segment memberikan informasi jumlah parkir yang tersedia.  Kata kunci: mikrokontroler, rekomendasi lokasi parkir, sensor parki