Zur Rolle von (Laien-)Dolmetscher*innen in Interviews: Ergebnisse einer Pilotstudie

Bei der Befragung neu Zugewanderter ist ein Interview in der Zielsprache meist nicht möglich und daher die Anwesenheit eines/einer Dolmetscher*in nötig. Dadurch entsteht eine ‚Über-Eck- Kommunikation‘, die besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf die Einhaltung der Prinzipien und Maximen qualitativer Befragungen erfordert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Herausforderungen, aber auch die Chancen solcher Interviewsituationen beleuchtet. Dies erfolgt über die Analyse eines Pilotinterviews, das im Rahmen eines Dissertationsprojektes mit Hilfe eines Laiendolmetschers auf Deutsch und Arabisch geführt wurde. Die methodische Reflexion der Gesprächsdaten soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, ähnliche Begegnungssituationen besser vorzubereiten, durchzuführen und auszuwerten.When interviewing recent immigrants, an interview in the target language is usually not possible and therefore the presence of an interpreter is necessary. This results in 'over-corner communication', which requires special attention to adhering to the principles and maxims of qualitative interviews. In this article, the challenges but also the opportunities of such interview situations will be examined. Examples are drawn from a pilot interview conducted in German and Arabic with the help of a lay translator, which is part of a dissertation project. The methodological reflection of the interview data shall contribute to better preparation, implementation and evaluation of similar qualitative interviews

Workshop Deutsch als Zweitsprache, Migration und Mehrsprachigkeit: Jahresschrift - Band 16

Im November 2021 fand der 16. Workshop für Deutsch als Zweitsprache, Migration und Mehrsprachigkeit an der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg statt. Der Workshop war ursprünglich für das Jahr 2020 geplant und bedingt durch die Pandemie um ein Jahr verschoben worden. Aufgrund der pandemischen Entwicklungen im Jahr 2021 wurde auf ein digitales Format umgestellt. Das thematische und methodische Spektrum der Beiträge war auch im 16. Workshop in Freiburg sehr breit gefächert. Wir freuen uns daher, in diesem Band einen Großteil der Beiträge dokumentieren zu können, da sie einen Ausschnitt aus der vielfältigen nationalen und internationalen Forschung zu Mehrsprachigkeit, Deutsch als Zweitsprache und Migration wiedergeben

Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major cause of cardiovascular death. The sequence of events that promote DVT remains obscure, largely as a result of the lack of an appropriate rodent model. We describe a novel mouse model of DVT which reproduces a frequent trigger and resembles the time course, histological features, and clinical presentation of DVT in humans. We demonstrate by intravital two-photon and epifluorescence microscopy that blood monocytes and neutrophils crawling along and adhering to the venous endothelium provide the initiating stimulus for DVT development. Using conditional mutants and bone marrow chimeras, we show that intravascular activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation via tissue factor (TF) derived from myeloid leukocytes causes the extensive intraluminal fibrin formation characteristic of DVT. We demonstrate that thrombus-resident neutrophils are indispensable for subsequent DVT propagation by binding factor XII (FXII) and by supporting its activation through the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Correspondingly, neutropenia, genetic ablation of FXII, or disintegration of NETs each confers protection against DVT amplification. Platelets associate with innate immune cells via glycoprotein Ibα and contribute to DVT progression by promoting leukocyte recruitment and stimulating neutrophil-dependent coagulation. Hence, we identified a cross talk between monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets responsible for the initiation and amplification of DVT and for inducing its unique clinical features

The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway as a Therapeutic Target after Cartilage Trauma: Modification of Chondrocyte Survival and Metabolism by Glucosamine Derivatives and PUGNAc in an Ex Vivo Model

The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is essential for the production of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc), the building block of glycosaminoglycans, thus playing a crucial role in cartilage anabolism. Although O-GlcNAcylation represents a protective regulatory mechanism in cellular processes, it has been associated with degenerative diseases, including osteoarthritis (OA). The present study focuses on HBP-related processes as potential therapeutic targets after cartilage trauma. Human cartilage explants were traumatized and treated with GlcNAc or glucosamine sulfate (GS); PUGNAc, an inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase; or azaserine (AZA), an inhibitor of GFAT-1. After 7 days, cell viability and gene expression analysis of anabolic and catabolic markers, as well as HBP-related enzymes, were performed. Moreover, expression of catabolic enzymes and type II collagen (COL2) biosynthesis were determined. Proteoglycan content was assessed after 14 days. Cartilage trauma led to a dysbalanced expression of different HBP-related enzymes, comparable to the situation in highly degenerated tissue. While GlcNAc and PUGNAc resulted in significant cell protection after trauma, only PUGNAc increased COL2 biosynthesis. Moreover, PUGNAc and both glucosamine derivatives had anti-catabolic effects. In contrast, AZA increased catabolic processes. Overall, “fueling” the HBP by means of glucosamine derivatives or inhibition of deglycosylation turned out as cells and chondroprotectives after cartilage trauma

Contribution of the Ratio of Tocopherol Homologs to the Oxidative Stability of Commercial Vegetable Oils

The antioxidant activity of tocopherols in vegetable oils was shown to chiefly depend on the amount and the tocopherol homolog present. However, the most effective ratio of tocopherol homologs with regard to the antioxidant capacity has not been elucidated so far. The present study analyzed the effect of different tocopherol concentrations, homologs and ratios of homologs on markers of lipid oxidation in the most commonly consumed vegetable oils (canola, sunflower, soybean oil) stored in a 12 h light/dark cycle at 22 ± 2 °C for 56 days under retail/household conditions. After 56 days of storage, the α-tocopherol-rich canola and sunflower oil showed the strongest rise in lipid peroxides, yielding 25.1 ± 0.03 meq O2/kg (+25.3-fold) and 24.7 ± 0.05 meq O2/kg (+25.0-fold), respectively. ESR experiments, excluding effects of the oils’ matrices and other minor constituents, confirmed that a food representative tocopherol ratio of (γ + δ)/α = 4.77, as represented in soybean oil, led to a more pronounced delay of lipid oxidation than a lower ratio in canola (1.39) and sunflower oil (0.06). An optimum (γ + δ)/α -tocopherol ratio contributing to the oxidative quality of vegetable oils extending their shelf life has to be investigated