The Need for Effective Early Behavioral Family Interventions for Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

There is a pressing need for the development of effective early family intervention programs for children showing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) behaviours with Conduct Disorder (CD) or Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) behaviours. Previous research has indicated that children with ADHD are at risk of developing comorbid CD or ODD behaviours. In addition, it has been shown that ODD or CD behaviours in childhood tend to persist and to have adverse effects on later social adjustment. However, ODD or CD behaviours are not necessary concomitants of ADHD, and it has been demonstrated that behavioural intervention can have both short- and long term beneficial effects for children showing early signs of ODD or CD behaviours. In short term, behavioural family interventions may be able to reduce oppositional behaviour, particularly in the preschool years. In the long term, early intervention has shown to reduce the incidence of later antisocial behaviour in children at risk for this developmental trajectory. In this paper, it will be argued that behavioural family interventions have not been effectively utilised or promulgated in the community for children with ADHD despite the demonstrated efficacy of these types of interventions. A model of a multilevel system of intervention that can be tailored to the individual family’s needs is presented

Population change and fiscal stress in Missouri's third class counties

"During the recent recession, local governments struggled to manage budgets as revenues dropped. Because the recession was deeper and longer than any in the past half-century, with a slower recovery, reserve funds were not sufficient. With lower revenue, the majority of local governments struggled to meet the needs and expectations of citizens. Since the Great Recession of 2008-2009, the budgets of local governments have not recovered at the same pace as the economy as a whole. The recession may have created greater demands for government services, and tax bases may have been affected by more cautious spending by businesses and consumers. Slow local budget recovery also may be due to state government decisions, such as changes in tax laws, stagnant or lower state aid, taxation constraints and increasing state mandated services (Aldag et al., 2017). An example of a state tax constraint is Missouri's Hancock Amendment, which limits both state and local governments' abilities to raise taxes. Elected local officials cannot raise taxes without voter approval (Kevin-Myers and Hembree, 2012). Finally, local governments' decisions on taxes and tax incentives have major impacts on their own revenues (White, 2017)."--Page 1.Written by Judith I. Stallman (Professor Emeritus, Agricultural and Applied Economics and Public Affairs), Austin Sanders (Master's student in Agricultural and Applied Economics)New 10/19Includes bibliographical reference

Folgenabschätzung des Direktzahlungskonzepts der Vision Landwirtschaft (Teilmodell 1 und 2)

Die Schweizer Direktzahlungspolitik zugunsten der Landwirtschaft ist seit einiger Zeit wieder Gegenstand öffentlicher Diskussionen. Von verschiedenen Seiten wird u.a. bemängelt, dass das bisherige System keine optimalen Anreize für die Erbringung von multifunktionalen Leistungen bietet (Bosshard und Schläpfer, 2005; Mann, 2005; Rentsch, 2006; Schläpfer, 2006). Der Bundesrat hat deshalb im Juni 2009 vorgeschlagen, die Direktzahlungen künftig auf die von der Bevölkerung gewünschten gemeinwirtschaftlichen Leistungen der Landwirtschaft auszurichten (Bundesrat, 2009). Für die Fachorganisation Vision Landwirtschaft gehen diese Überlegungen grundsätzlich in die richtige Richtung. Allerdings fehlt ihr bei den derzeitig bekannten Reformvorschlägen eine konkretere Ausgestaltung. Um die Verfassungsziele effizient zu erreichen, bedarf es ihrer Ansicht nach weitreichender Veränderungen in der Agrarpolitik (Schläpfer, 2009). Die Vision Landwirtschaft fordert u.a., dass die bisherigen allgemeinen Direktzahlungen, die 80% aller Direktzahlungen an die Bauern ausmachen, in Beiträge mit klaren Zielen umgewandelt werden. Hierzu hat sie ein alternatives Direktzahlungsmodell erarbeitet, dass aus drei Basisprogrammen (Beiträge für einen erweiterten ökologischen Leistungsnachweis, Erschwernisbeiträge und ÖLN-Plus-Beiträge), sechs Leistungsprogrammen für die die Honorierung von spezifischen Leistungen in den Kategorien Versorgung, Umwelt, Biodiversität, Tierwohl, Landschaft und Soziales sowie Übergangsbeiträgen zur Vermeidung von sozialen Härtefällen besteht (vgl. Anhang 1). Um die möglichen Auswirkungen des Konzeptes abschätzen zu können, hat die Vision Landwirtschaft das Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau (FiBL) beauftragt, für die Massnahmen, die im Modell FARMIS des FiBL abgebildet werden können, eine modellbasierte Analyse durchzuführen. Es handelt sich dabei um die Basisprogramme „ÖLN“, „Erschwernisbeitrag“ und „ÖLN-Plus“ sowie um einzelne Module der Leistungsprogramme „Biodiversität“ und „Tierwohl“ (siehe Abschnitt 3). Der vorliegende Bericht fasst die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zusammen und dokumentiert damit die Analysen, die im Weissbuch Landwirtschaft Schweiz (Bosshard et al. 2010) unter „Teilmodell 1“ und „Teilmodell 2“ beschrieben sind. Zunächst wird das verwendete Modell kurz beschrieben. Zur Erleichterung der Einordnung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse erfolgt im Anschluss eine Darstellung der zu Grunde gelegten Szenarien. Daran schliesst sich die Darstellung und Diskussion der Modellergebnisse zu den Auswirkungen der untersuchten Direktzahlungsmassnahmen an

Creating a videotape for instruction

"1/86/2M""Videotape provides some distinct advantages over other electronic media. The equipment has become more portable, easier for the non-technically trained person to use, and very cost effective when compared to 16mm film production. Creating a worthwhile instructional videotape is a time-consuming challenge. However, its proven effectiveness in teaching, plus other production advantages, make it worth the planning and production time. An hour-long lecture by a teacher can be shortened to about forty minutes on videotape, without loss of content or meaning. Time saved can be used for review, questions or discussions. The video version doesn't 'forget' key points or get side-tracked. An instructional video is often better understood by the learner who can review confusing segments right away. CAUTION: a poor lecture will not magically become better just because it is videotaped. Proper planning is vital to a quality instructional videotape. This guide is for non-technically trained persons working alone or with professionals."--First page.Judith A. Wells, Annette C. Sanders, and David H. Trinklei

Willamette Mission archeological project : phase III assessment

The Willamette Mission archeological project consists of a broad program of cultural research in the fields of archeology, history, and architecture. The study focuses on the first Methodist mission in the Pacific Northwest. Archeological excavations were conducted in 1980 to locate the site of the mission, to assess the site's internal integrity, and to analyze the material content remaining from the 1830s occupation. Historical documentation provided the archeologists with necessary information on the general location, spatial living pattern, time frame and material culture of the mission occupants. Archeological data provided additional information on the location and spatial arrangement of the mission complex; the date range and the form and function of recovered artifacts; a behavioral concept of mission lifestyle; and the processes of abandonment of the mission complex in the historic period. The role of the mission enterprise within the general context of Oregon development is explored. The founders of the mission colony were not intent on accomplishing their task of "civilizing" the local Native American population in a brief visit. The missionaries brought to the Oregon country their families, personal possessions, furnishings, goods, equipment, and construction materials. They built shelters, farmed, operated a mercantile business, taught school, held services, and performed essential mechanical duties. The geographic isolation of the mission, and the missionaries response to the new environment, are reflected in the archeological record. The architectural plan and featuring of the mission house points to a use of traditional log shelter construction techniques. These techniques involved the incorporation of native construction fabric with cottage made or imported joining materials. An inadequate response to the environment is evidenced by the erection of the mission house on a Willamette River floodplain. This error in reasoning as well as visions of expansion triggered a move from the complex to present Salem after a seven-year occupation. The materials items recovered from the site reflect a material culture brought to the new country from the United States. An independency from the British Hudson Bay Company is inferred. A contradiction between the hardships of remote log cabin living and stringent missionary duties, and the retainment of New England social attitudes and customs is evident. Important to areal archeological research and settlement studies are the implications behind the presence of the American missionaries and their goods in the Willamette Valley. Enlightened information on goods available during the Northwest frontier period can be useful in deciphering early trade networks, and avenues of cultural exchange and influence. The missionaries' inducement toward the promotion of American jurisdiction and settlement in the Oregon country was significant. The success of the missionaries as colonizers cannot be overstated considering the impact of the colony on the course of political, spiritual, social and economic development of the region

Open Networking Lab: online practical learning of computer networking

Learning to configure computer networks is a topic requiring a substantial practical component and suggesting a pedagogic approach that foregrounds experiential learning. However, providing appropriate computer networking hardware is expensive for classroom labs, and is not viable for individual distance learners. Simulation offers an alternative basis for practical learning and supports a range of modes, from individual distance learning to in-class blended learning. Sophisticated network simulation packages, such as Cisco’s Packet Tracer, have high fidelity to networking devices and can simulate complex network scenarios. Unfortunately their complex interfaces make it difficult for a novice student to engage productively. The Open Networking Lab (ONL) will provide online resources for students of introductory computer networking. It will take an activity-centred approach, supported with video and screencasts, in preference to lengthy text. Practical activity is based on PT Anywhere, a network simulator that provides students with an easy-to-use, browser-based interface over Cisco’s Packet Tracer. PT Anywhere thus provides fully authentic simulation but, by only revealing a subset of features, supports a carefully scaffolded approach to teaching and learning. We report at an early stage in the development of the ONL. Material is being piloted with students at UK Further Education colleges. Evaluation will include observation, surveys and interviews with students and staff; PT Anywhere also provides learning analytics. A further stage of development will culminate in a badged open course on the Open University’s OpenLearn platform. The ONL will provide vocational learning at scale in educational institutions, employment contexts and for individual learners

Characterization of the Native Lysine Tyrosylquinone Cofactor in Lysyl Oxidase by Raman Spectroscopy

Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) recently has been identified as the active site cofactor in lysyl oxidase by isolation and characterization of a derivatized active site peptide. Reported in this study is the first characterization of the underivatized cofactor in native lysyl oxidase by resonance Raman (RR) spectrometry. The spectrum is characterized by a unique set of vibrational modes in the 1200 to 1700 cm^(−1) region. We show that the RR spectrum of lysyl oxidase closely matches that of a synthetic LTQ model compound, 4-n-butylamino-5-ethyl-1,2-benzoquinone, in aqueous solutions but differs significantly from those of other topa quinone-containing amine oxidases under similar conditions. Furthermore, we have observed the same ^(18)O shift of the C=O stretch in both the lysyl oxidase enzyme and the LTQ cofactor model compound. The RR spectra of different model compounds and their D shifts give additional evidence for the protonation state of LTQ cofactor in the enzyme. The overall similarity of these spectra and their shifts shows that the lysyl oxidase cofactor and the model LTQ compound have the same structure and properties. These data provide strong and independent support for the new cofactor structure, unambiguously ruling out the possibility that the structure originally reported had been derived from a spurious side reaction during the derivatization of the protein and isolation of the active site peptide

Legislative Redistricting in 1991-1992: The Texas Bill of Rights v. the Voting Rights Act.

Every decade, after the federal government has taken the census, Americans endure the process of redistricting Congress, state legislatures, county commissioner precincts, school boards, city councils, and a host of other elected bodies. Governed by the interplay of federal, state, and local law, the reapportionment process would seem to be a relatively easy task in theory. Yet, overriding forces unique to the political arena and the judiciary’s voice in redistricting questions undermine the implementation of such a simple system. Narrow interpretation of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 by the United State Supreme Court and lower federal courts further intensify this controversy. In contrast, Texas state courts, relying on the equal rights provisions in the Texas Bill of Rights, have attempted to safeguard the voting rights of those claiming racial bias in reapportionment. To date, only one state court appellate decision has squarely addressed the effect of the Texas Bill of Rights on the redistricting process. Texas’ initial legislation reapportionment scheme violated both the Texas Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) and the equal rights section of the state bill of rights. The redistricting plan violated the ERA because the effect was discrimination against Mexican Americans and African Americans on account of race and ethnicity. The state had no compelling or rational interest in maintaining a reapportionment scheme which effectively disenfranchised sizeable segments of its citizens. The reapportionment scheme also violated the equal rights section of the Texas Constitution because it burdened a fundamental right of two racial and ethnic groups which have historically suffered illegal discrimination—groups now protected by the ERA. Because the redistricting system was not reasonably designed to achieve a substantial interest, no reasonable basis existed for maintaining the reapportionment scheme. And the reapportionment scheme was therefore properly rendered unconstitutional