Trypanosomatid infections among vertebrates of Chile: a systematic review

We present a review on the natural infection by trypanosomatids of nonhuman vertebrates in Chile, aiming to synthesize and update the knowledge on the diversity of trypanosomatids infecting native and alien vertebrate species. To this end, we conducted a systematic review of literature records published from 1900 to April 2020 on four databases, focusing on the 21 genera of trypanosomatids and Chile. The methods and findings of our review have been based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (prisma) checklist. We found 29,756 records but only 71 presented relevant information for this review. Overall, there are only two reported trypanosomatid genera infecting vertebrate species in Chile, the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania. The former is mostly represented by Trypanosoma cruzi (90% of the total records) and to a much lesser extent by Trypanosoma avium, Trypanosoma humboldti, Trypanosoma lewisi, and a couple of unidentified trypanosomatids. A total of 25 mammals have been reported as being infected by T. cruzi, including 14 native and 11 alien species from Orders Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Chiroptera, Didelphimorphia, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla, and Rodentia. Extensive screening studies using new analytical tools are necessary to grasp the whole potential diversity of trypanosomatid species infecting vertebrates in Chile

Primer registro de Litomosoides pardinasi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile

Litomosoides pardinasi es registrada por primera vez en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile. La especie Litomosoides pardinasi, parásita de Phyllotis xanthopygus y Oligoryzomys longicaudatus en la Patagonia Argentina, fue encontrada en Chile parasitando la cavidad torácica y abdominal de O. longicaudatus (prevalencia (P)= 18.9%, intensidad media (MI)= 57.3) y de Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), y la cavidad abdominal del roedor exótico Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). La P total en roedores nativos de Chile fue significativamente menor que la P de Argentina, en tanto la MI total fue significativamente mayor. La P y MI de L. pardinasi en O. longicaudatus de Chile y Argentina no mostraron diferencias significativas; la P en P. darwini de Chile fue significativamente menor que la de P. xanthopygus de Argentina y que la de O. longicaudatus de Chile. Considerando la distribución de las especies de Litomosoides entre los sigmodontinos, estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis que L. pardinasi está bien establecida en O. longicaudatus y que posiblemente haya sido recientemente adquirida por P. darwini y R. rattus. Así, L. pardinasi colonizó primero a la Tribu Oryzomyini y posteriormente por un fenómeno de cambio de hospedero a la Tribu Phyllotini y a R. rattus.We report the first record of Litomosoides pardinasi in native and exotic rodents from Chile. Litomosoides pardinasi, described in the Argentine Patagonia parasitizing Phyllotis xanthopygus and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, was found in Chile parasitizing the peritoneal and thoracic cavities of O. longicaudatus (prevalence (P)= 18.9%, mean intensity (MI)= 57.3) and Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), and in the peritoneal cavity of Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). Total P in native rodents from Chile was significantly lower than in Argentina, while the total MI was higher. Prevalence and MI of L. pardinasi in O. longicaudatus from Chile and Argentina showed non-significant differences; prevalence in P. darwini from Chile was significantly lower than in P. xanthopygus from Argentina and than in Chilean O. longicaudatus. Our results, together with those from Argentina, support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi is well established in O. longicaudatus, but seems to be recently acquired by P. darwini and the exotic R. rattus. Considering the known host distribution of Litomosoides species among the sigmodontines, our results also support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi first colonized the Oryzomyini tribe and later, by different phenomena of host-switching, colonized the Phyllotini tribe and the exotic R. rattus.Fil: Landaeta Aqueveque, Carlos. Universidad de Concepción; ChileFil: Notarnicola, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Correa, Juana P.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Yánez Mesa, Andrea. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Henriquez, AnaLía. Universidad Santo Tomás; ChileFil: Cattan, Pedro E.. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Botto Mahan, Carezza. Universidad de Chile; ChileFil: Torres Pérez, Fernando. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso; Chil

Primer registro de Litomosoides pardinasi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile

We report the first record of Litomosoides pardinasi in native and exotic rodents from Chile. Litomosoides pardinasi, described in the Argentine Patagonia parasitizing Phyllotis xanthopygus and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, was found in Chile parasitizing the peritoneal and thoracic cavities of O. longicaudatus (prevalence (P)= 18.9%, mean intensity (MI)= 57.3) and Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), and in the peritoneal cavity of Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). Total P in native rodents from Chile was significantly lower than in Argentina, while the total MI was higher. Prevalence and MI of L. pardinasi in O. longicaudatus from Chile and Argentina showed non-significant differences; prevalence in P. darwini from Chile was significantly lower than in P. xanthopygus from Argentina and than in Chilean O. longicaudatus. Our results, together with those from Argentina, support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi is well established in O. longicaudatus, but seems to be recently acquired by P. darwini and the exotic R. rattus. Considering the known host distribution of Litomosoides species among the sigmodontines, our results also support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi first colonized the Oryzomyini tribe and later, by different phenomena of host-switching, colonized the Phyllotini tribe and the exotic R. rattus.Litomosoides pardinasi es registrada por primera vez en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile. La especie Litomosoides pardinasi, parásita de Phyllotis xanthopygus y Oligoryzomys longicaudatus en la Patagonia Argentina, fue encontrada en Chile parasitando la cavidad torácica y abdominal de O. longicaudatus (prevalencia (P)= 18.9%, intensidad media (MI)= 57.3) y de Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), y la cavidad abdominal del roedor exótico Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). La P total en roedores nativos de Chile fue significativamente menor que la P de Argentina, en tanto la MI total fue significativamente mayor. La P y MI de L. pardinasi en O. longicaudatus de Chile y Argentina no mostraron diferencias significativas; la P en P. darwini de Chile fue significativamente menor que la de P. xanthopygus de Argentina y que la de O. longicaudatus de Chile. Considerando la distribución de las especies de Litomosoides entre los sigmodontinos, estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis que L. pardinasi está bien establecida en O. longicaudatus y que posiblemente haya sido recientemente adquirida por P. darwini y R. rattus. Así, L. pardinasi colonizó primero a la Tribu Oryzomyini y posteriormente por un fenómeno de cambio de hospedero a la Tribu Phyllotini y a R. rattus.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Primer registro de Litomosoides pardinasi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile

We report the first record of Litomosoides pardinasi in native and exotic rodents from Chile. Litomosoides pardinasi, described in the Argentine Patagonia parasitizing Phyllotis xanthopygus and Oligoryzomys longicaudatus, was found in Chile parasitizing the peritoneal and thoracic cavities of O. longicaudatus (prevalence (P)= 18.9%, mean intensity (MI)= 57.3) and Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), and in the peritoneal cavity of Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). Total P in native rodents from Chile was significantly lower than in Argentina, while the total MI was higher. Prevalence and MI of L. pardinasi in O. longicaudatus from Chile and Argentina showed non-significant differences; prevalence in P. darwini from Chile was significantly lower than in P. xanthopygus from Argentina and than in Chilean O. longicaudatus. Our results, together with those from Argentina, support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi is well established in O. longicaudatus, but seems to be recently acquired by P. darwini and the exotic R. rattus. Considering the known host distribution of Litomosoides species among the sigmodontines, our results also support the hypothesis that L. pardinasi first colonized the Oryzomyini tribe and later, by different phenomena of host-switching, colonized the Phyllotini tribe and the exotic R. rattus.Litomosoides pardinasi es registrada por primera vez en roedores nativos y exóticos de Chile. La especie Litomosoides pardinasi, parásita de Phyllotis xanthopygus y Oligoryzomys longicaudatus en la Patagonia Argentina, fue encontrada en Chile parasitando la cavidad torácica y abdominal de O. longicaudatus (prevalencia (P)= 18.9%, intensidad media (MI)= 57.3) y de Phyllotis darwini (P= 4.2%, MI= 10), y la cavidad abdominal del roedor exótico Rattus rattus (P= 1.24%; MI= 22.5). La P total en roedores nativos de Chile fue significativamente menor que la P de Argentina, en tanto la MI total fue significativamente mayor. La P y MI de L. pardinasi en O. longicaudatus de Chile y Argentina no mostraron diferencias significativas; la P en P. darwini de Chile fue significativamente menor que la de P. xanthopygus de Argentina y que la de O. longicaudatus de Chile. Considerando la distribución de las especies de Litomosoides entre los sigmodontinos, estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis que L. pardinasi está bien establecida en O. longicaudatus y que posiblemente haya sido recientemente adquirida por P. darwini y R. rattus. Así, L. pardinasi colonizó primero a la Tribu Oryzomyini y posteriormente por un fenómeno de cambio de hospedero a la Tribu Phyllotini y a R. rattus.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Influence of the AOT counterion chemical structure in the generation of organized systems

The impact of the imidazolium counterion structure on the organized systems formed by the surfactant 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, AOT, both in aqueous solutions and in nonpolar solvents is investigated. With this in mind, we investigated if the ionic liquid-like (IL-like) surfactant 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, emim-AOT, forms direct micelles or vesicles in water. Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, conductivity, fluorescence spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy measurements were performed to characterize the organized systems in aqueous solutions. We also studied the self-aggregation of emim-AOT, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, bmim-AOT, and of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate, hmim-AOT, in nonpolar solvents. The results obtained showed that the IL-like surfactant emim-AOT forms direct micelles in water, as sodium 1,4-bis-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (Na-AOT) does. However, emim-AOT aggregates are larger, have a lower surface charge, are more stable, and have a more polar and less fluid micellar interface than Na-AOT micelles. It was also observed that emim-AOT and hmim-AOT form reverse micelles in nonpolar solvents. The size of the imidazolium cations dramatically influences the size of the reverse micelles and their ability to solubilize water.Fil: Lépori, Cristian Marcelo Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba; ArgentinaFil: Correa, Nestor Mariano. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Silber, Juana J.. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Fisicoquímicas y Naturales. Departamento de Química; ArgentinaFil: Falcone, Ruben Dario. Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: López-López, Manuel. Universidad de Huelva; EspañaFil: Moyá, María Luisa. Universidad de Sevilla; Españ

La lesión aterosclerótica en la muerte súbita cardíaca.

¿Qué relevancia ha tenido la aparición de lesiones ateroscleróticas en el sector vascular coronario del fallecido por muerte súbita cardíaca en las comunidades de Arroyo Naranjo? Como propósito describiremos el comportamiento de las lesiones ateroscleróticas en el sector vascular coronario del fallecido súbitamente en las comunidades de Arroyo Naranjo durante el período 2000-2004. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 5 098 fallecidos de muerte natural diagnosticados en el Hospital Universitario Julio Trigo López. A partir de los criterios definidos por la (OMS) sobre MSC fueron incluidos en la investigación 474 pacientes. Se confeccionó un Modelo de Recolección del Dato primario (MRDP). Dentro de las variables a estudiar, se consideró a la Aterosclerosis, factor etiológico descrito por la literatura médica como responsable en más de 90% de las muertes que sobrevienen bajo circunstancias imprevisibles. Para documentar este factor nos remitimos a los hallazgos en los estudios necrópsicos de los pacientes en los que se efectuó este proceder, evidenciándose lesiones ateroscleróticas extensas, irregulares, severas en el árbol vascular coronario responsables del deceso inesperado. Información recogida en los protocolos de necropsias aportada por el Departamento de Anatomía Patológica del Hospital Universitario Julio Trigo López, en Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba. La Aterosclerosis fue documentada en 75.5% de los casos, en 77.9% de los varones, representando más de 70% de los casos en mayores de 45 años. La presencia de un Infarto miocárdico agudo y los trastornos del ritmo cardíaco fueron las enfermedades consecuentes de la Aterosclerosis, que predominaron en nuestro estudio con 58.4% y 20.7% respectivamente. La Aterosclerosis representa el principal factor etiológico para la Enfermedad arterial coronaria (EAC) y en consecuencia para la Muerte Súbita. La variedad de lesiones con predominio de las Placas complicadas (graves) en la arteria descendente anterior izquierda, caracterizan el perfil vascular del fallecido por muerte súbita de origen cardíaco en nuestro estudio. Palabras clave: Muerte Súbita cardíaca, Aterosclerosis, Riesgo vascular / enfermedades consecuentes

Sylvatic foci of the Chagas disease vector Triatoma infestans in Chile: description of a new focus and challenges for control programs

Triatoma infestans is one of the main domestic vectors of Chagas disease. Reports of wild habitat occurrences have recently increased. In Chile, after a successful elimination campaign of T. infestans domestic infestation, a sylvatic focus was reported in bromeliads in the metropolitan region. Here, we report a new focus of sylvatic T. infestans inhabiting rock piles in the Valparaíso region in central Chile. All T. infestans captured were nymphal instars living among the stones, which were inhabited by several mammal species, along with the sylvatic triatomine vector Mepraia spinolai. We found a prevalence of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi of 36.54% in T. infestans, similar to the previous report for sylvatic specimens from bromeliads. Sylvatic populations of T. infestans should be studied at different geographic scales to elucidate their role in the maintenance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of T. cruzi and their possible role in threatening the domestic elimination of this vector. This information should be used to re-design the control programs in Chile to avoid the re-establishment of the domestic cycle

Field assessment of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and host survival in the native rodent Octodon degus

Chagas disease is a zoonosis caused by the flagellated parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by triatomine insects to several mammalian species acting as reservoir hosts. In the present study, we assess T. cruzi-prevalence, survivorship and T. cruzi-infection rate of the endemic rodent Octodon degus from a hyper-endemic area of Chagas disease in Chile. Parasite detection is performed by PCR assays on blood samples of individuals captured in austral summer of 2010, and on non-infected individuals recaptured in 2011 as well as on new captures. Results show a high infection level in this species (up to 70%). Infected O. degus have the same chance of surviving to the next reproductive season as uninfected individuals, irrespective of sex. We suggest that O. degus, an abundant long-lived rodent with high dispersal capability, could be considered an important native reservoir of T. cruzi in the wild transmission cycle of Chagas disease in Chile. © 2011 Elsevier B.V

Trypanosoma cruzi load in synanthropic rodents from rural areas in Chile

Background: Trypanosoma cruzi is the agent of Chagas disease, a major public health problem in Latin America. Many wild and domestic animals are naturally infected with T. cruzi; rodents are one of the groups which have been consistently detected infected in different countries. The aim of this work was to characterize blood T. cruzi load in naturally infected rodents from a Chagas disease endemic region in Chile. Methods: Baited traps were set in domestic and peridomestic areas of rural dwellings. The rodents were anesthetized and blood sampled; DNA was extracted and the parasite load was quantified by T. cruzi satellite DNA real-time PCR assays. Results: Seventy-one rodents of four species, Rattus rattus, Mus musculus, Phyllotis darwini and Octodon degus, were captured; R. rattus was the most abundant species. Fifty-nine samples (83.1%) were T. cruzi-positive and the median value of the parasite load was 2.99 parasite equivalents (par-eq)/ml. The comparison of frequency of infection or parasite load by species showed no differences. However, one R. rattus presented very elevated parasitemia (1644 par-eq/ml). Conclusions: The overall levels of parasitemia were similar to those found in humans in Chile. The high infection levels in exotic and endemic rodents very near to rural settlements increases their relevance as T. cruzi hosts.CONICYT FONDECYT 1140650 3170799 117036