Accounting for Changing Inequality in Costa Rica, 1980-1999

After declining from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, earnings inequality in Costa Rica stabilized from 1987 to 1992 and then increased from 1992 to 1999. In this paper we use recently-developed techniques to measure the extent to which these changes in earnings inequality were the result of changes associated with the distributions (or .quantities.) of personal and work place characteristics of workers, and the earnings differences (or .prices.) associated with those characteristics. We present evidence that the most important cause of the fall in inequality prior to 1987 was a decline in returns to education, which in turn was caused by an increase in the supply of more-educated workers. We find that the most important causes of rising inequality in the 1990s were the end of this decline in returns to education and increases in the variance of hours worked among workers. Inequality in hours worked increased because of an increase in the proportion of workers working a non-standard work week (part-time or over-time)inequality, Latin America, labor

El capital de los pobres en Costa Rica: Acceso, utilización y rendimiento

Este trabajo incursiona en el análisis de los activos y recursos que disponen los pobres. Se revisa y actualiza la magnitud, evolución y perfil de las familias pobres con énfasis en las características que den elementos sobre la dotación y utilización rentable de los activos. Con una reducción modesta de la pobreza, los resultados sugieren que las familias con una mejor dotación, utilización o rentabilidad de sus activos son las que tienen mayores probabilidades de superar los umbrales de la pobreza.

A Multiagent Solution to Adaptively Classify SOAP Message and Protect against DoS Attack

SOAP messages use XML code, which makes them vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks and puts the availability of web services at risk. This article presents an adaptive solution for dealing with DoS attacks in web service environments. The solution proposes a distributed hierarchical multiagent architecture that implements a robust mechanism of classification based on an advanced CBR-BDI agent. The agent incorporates a case-based reasoning engine that integrate a Perceptron Multilayer neural network during the re-use phase to classify incoming SOAP messages and reject those that are considered malicious. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study.SOAP messages use XML code, which makes them vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks and puts the availability of web services at risk. This article presents an adaptive solution for dealing with DoS attacks in web service environments. The solution proposes a distributed hierarchical multiagent architecture that implements a robust mechanism of classification based on an advanced CBR-BDI agent. The agent incorporates a case-based reasoning engine that integrate a Perceptron Multilayer neural network during the re-use phase to classify incoming SOAP messages and reject those that are considered malicious. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study

Management Ubiquitous of Messages and Documents Organizational through Intelligent Agents

In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants.In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants

Management Ubiquitous of Messages and Documents Organizational through Intelligent Agents

In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants.In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants

An Adaptive Multi-agent Solution to Detect DoS Attack in SOAP Messages

A SOAP message can be affected by a DoS attack if the incoming message has been either created or modified maliciously. The specifications of existing security standards do not focus on this type of attack. This article presents a novel distributed and adaptive approach for dealing with DoS attacks in Web Service environments, which represents an alternative to the existing centralized solutions. The solution proposes a distributed hierarchical multi-agent architecture that implements a classification mechanism in two phases. The main benefits of the approach are the distributed capabilities of the multi-agent systems and the self-adaption ability to the changes that occur in the patterns of attack. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study.A SOAP message can be affected by a DoS attack if the incoming message has been either created or modified maliciously. The specifications of existing security standards do not focus on this type of attack. This article presents a novel distributed and adaptive approach for dealing with DoS attacks in Web Service environments, which represents an alternative to the existing centralized solutions. The solution proposes a distributed hierarchical multi-agent architecture that implements a classification mechanism in two phases. The main benefits of the approach are the distributed capabilities of the multi-agent systems and the self-adaption ability to the changes that occur in the patterns of attack. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study

Management Ubiquitous of Messages and Documents Organizational through Intelligent Agents

In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants.In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants

Management Ubiquitous of Messages and Documents Organizational through Intelligent Agents

In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants.In the context of artificial intelligence, the multiagent systems are an alternative solution to address complex problems and distributed. PAINALLI is an multi-agent architecture for managing messages and documents organizational anywhere and anytime. To formalize, the management makes use of international standards such as ISO 15489 and MoReq specification. The ubiquity gained in the architecture is due to the use of intelligent agents deployed in fixed and mobile technologies: personal computers, smart phones and personal digital assistants

An Adaptive Mechanism to Protect Databases against SQL Injection

The purpose of this article is to present an adaptive and intelligent mechanism that can handle SQL injection attacks. This proposal focuses on integrating a case-based reasoning (CBR) mechanism with a neural network. The proposed solution thus adapts to changes in attack patterns and provides the ability to detect attacks independently of their evolution. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study.The purpose of this article is to present an adaptive and intelligent mechanism that can handle SQL injection attacks. This proposal focuses on integrating a case-based reasoning (CBR) mechanism with a neural network. The proposed solution thus adapts to changes in attack patterns and provides the ability to detect attacks independently of their evolution. A prototype of the architecture was developed and the results obtained are presented in this study

Situación epidemiológica de la mortalidad materna en Colombia, 2022

La mortalidad materna supone un problema de gran interés en salud pública, inicialmente propuesto dentro de los objetivos del nuevo milenio, donde se propuso lograr una reducción de este evento en 75 % en su tasa de ocurrencia1, según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) se estima que fallecen en promedio. Diariamente, alrededor de 830 mujeres por causas asociadas a su embarazo en curso, parto o postparto, Estas cifras se tornan más alarmantes en países de ingresos bajos y gran proporción de estas muertes, son de índole prevenible2. El número de muertes maternas se redujo en un 37% desde el año 2000. La tasa de mortalidad para el año 2015 en países en vía de desarrollo o de ingresos bajos fue de 239 por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos, a diferencias de países desarrollados donde se obtuvo tasas de 12 muertes por cada 100.000 nacidos vivos2