Effectiveness of Chemical and Thermal Treatments on Control Rhizopus stolonifer Fruit Infection Comparing Tomato Cultivars with Different Sensitivities to Cracking

Tomatoes are among the most important horticultural crops; however, it is estimated that 30% of tomato yield is lost due to postharvest rot due to Rhizopus stolonifer, a fungus which requires lesions to initiate the infectious process. Tomato fruit cracking is a physiopathy which causes significant economic losses, since cracking is the door used by the fungus. In this experiment, 14 cultivars of tomato of different types were used. Fruit sampling was carried out in the middle of the crop cycle, coinciding with the peak of yield; then, the fruits were divided into two groups: one group was inoculated with Rhizopus in order to assess the effectiveness of washing, whilst the other was treated with sterile water. The fruits of each group were divided into lots to be treated with six washing treatments: dipping in hot water at 20, 40 and 60 °C for 20 s; the fruits were then sprayed with the following solutions: 0.6% of Hydrogen Peroxide 23% + Peracetic acid 15%; commercial bleach at 0.5% and 2% of Hydrogen Peroxide 50%. The control sample was not washed. The results show that there was an influence of cultivar on fruit cracking, which was strongly related with Rhizopus infection. Three cultivars were not susceptible to cracking, and therefore, were not sensitive to Rhizopus infection. The effectiveness of different washing treatments of tomato fruits depends on several factors; nonetheless, hot water treatment has been shown to be more effective than the use of chemical products such as commercial bleach or hydrogen peroxide. Another factor, the susceptibility of cultivars to cracking, determines the effectiveness of the washing treatment. The results provide an important basis for making decisions about the washing management of tomato fruits in packaging houses

Reconnecting Farmers with Nature through Agroecological Transitions: Interacting Niches and Experimentation and the Role of Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation Systems

Sustainability transitions in agriculture are explored through an analysis of niche initiatives within a common production system, relying on sustainable transitions, multi-level perspectives, and agroecological frameworks, and involving multi-actor, agricultural knowledge, and innovation systems (AKIS). The article focuses on how experimental niches and sustainable activities affect farmers’ relationships with nature, and the reconceptualisation of the production system in which they operate, particularly where this system is embedded in less sustainable conventional or dominant regimes and landscapes. The need for fundamental changes, in the way that humans interact with nature, is widely argued for in order to achieve sustainable development, and farmers occupy a central role through participation in complex networks of agri-food systems. They have also found themselves disconnected from nature through conventional agri-industrial production practices. Four niches (biological control, ecological restoration, soil health, and ecological pond management) within the greenhouse sector of Almeria (SE Spain) are explored in a case study. Our results indicate that a farmer’s interaction with nature is functional, but through agroecological practices, a deeper understanding of the ecosystems in which greenhouse landscapes are embedded may be gained. As they become more connected to nature and benefit from ecosystem services, they can transition to more sustainable agricultural systems

Efectos del tratamiento con sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) sobre la calidad del agua de balsas de riego

Introduction. In the Almería littoral, the expansion and intensification of irrigated agriculture led to the construction of irrigation ponds in recent decades, mainly in areas with high agricultural development and water scarcity. The water quality of agricultural ponds depends, largely, of the management that the farmers made, and frequently, this management does not allow compatibility between the agronomic and the environmental functions. Objective. Assess, using a field experimental approach, the effect of treatment with copper sulfate (CuSO4) has on water quality of irrigation ponds in southeast of Spain. Materials and methods. Some physicochemical and biological characteristics indicators of water quality for drip irrigation were evaluated during a cropping season in 6 irrigation ponds including; 3 treated and 3 untreated with biocidal. Results. In treatment ponds, the copper concentration showed a peak average of 300 µg L-1 at 10 days of treatment but at 50 days the copper concentration of these ponds didn´t differ significantly with the untreated ponds concentration value. Conclusions. The treatment with copper sulfate adversely affect the quality of water for irrigation by determining increases in the concentration of suspended solids and planktonic chlorophyll a in the treated ponds. The treatment inhibited the development of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) although this inhibition may also be as a result of a regime of frequent treatments with biocides in previous years.Introdução. A expansão e intensificação da agricultura irrigada na costa de Almeria levou à construção de lagoas de irrigação nas últimas décadas, principalmente em áreas com grande desenvolvimento agrícola e escassez de água. A qualidade da água dessas lagoas agrícolas depende em grande parte da gestão dos agricultores e muitas vezes esta gestão não permite que as funções agronômicas sejam compatíveis com o meio ambiente. Objetivo. Avaliar por uma abordagem experimental de campo o efeito do tratamento com sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) na qualidade da água da lagoa de irrigação no sudeste de Espanha. Materials e métodos. Alguns indicadores biológicos de qualidade da água para irrigação por gotejamento físico-química foram avaliados em seis lagoas de irrigação com dois tratamentos (com e sem CuSO4, com tres repetições), durante um ano agrícola. Resultados. Nas lagoas tratadas, após 10 dias de tratamento, a concentração de cobre mostrou um valor médio de 300 µg l-1, sendo significativamente maior que nas não tratadas, mas depois de 50 días não se manteve essa diferença. Conclusões O tratamento com sulfato de cobre afetou negativamente a qualidade da água para a irrigação, ao determinar o aumento no teor de sólidos em suspensão e clorofila a planctônicas nas lagoas tratadas. O tratamento inibiu o crescimento de vegetação aquática submersa (VAS), embora esta inibição também pode ser devido a um regime de tratamentos frequentes com CuSO4 nos anos anteriores.Introducción. En el litoral almeriense la expansión e intensificación de la agricultura de regadío dio lugar a la construcción de balsas de riego en las últimas décadas, principalmente en áreas con elevado desarrollo agrícola y escasez de agua. La calidad del agua de las balsas agrícolas depende, en gran medida, de la gestión que los agricultores realicen en las mismas y, con frecuencia, esta gestión no permite compatibilizar las funciones agronómicas con las ambientales. Objetivo. Evaluar mediante una aproximación experimental de campo, el efecto que el tratamiento con sulfato de cobre (CuSO4) tiene sobre la calidad del agua de las balsas de riego del sureste de España. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron, durante una campaña agrícola, algunas características físico-químicas y biológicas indicadoras de la calidad del agua para riego localizado, en 6 balsas de riego: 3 tratadas con el mencionado biocida y 3 no tratadas. Resultados. En las balsas tratadas la concentración de cobre mostró un pico promedio de 300 µg L-1 a los 10 días del tratamiento, pero a partir de los 50 días la concentración de cobre no difirió significativamente de la medida en balsas no tratadas. Conclusiones. El tratamiento con sulfato de cobre afectó negativamente la calidad del agua para riego, al determinar incrementos de sólidos en suspensión y clorofila a planctónica en las balsas tratadas. El tratamiento inhibió el desarrollo de la vegetación acuática sumergida (VAS), aunque es posible que esta inhibición fuese también como consecuencia de un régimen de frecuentes tratamientos con biocidas en años precedentes

Por Doña Catalina de Cazorla, Vargas, Machuca, viuda de el capitan Melchor de Alcozel y Auila, hermana legitima de don Rodrigo de Cazorla y Vargas ... en el pleito criminal, contra don Lorenço Adorno de Gusman y Villegas ... y don Iuan Ramirez Auila y C

A 111/080(27) ; A 111/102(31) ; A FD/0091(48

La ilusión de la Libertad

El volumen que el lector posee en sus manos (o en su pantalla) constituye una selección de los estudios presentados en el congreso internacional “1820. La Ilusión de la Libertad. El liberalismo revolucionario en España y América en los años veinte”, realizado en Las Cabezas de San Juan y Sevilla en marzo de 2020, como forma de reflexionar (y celebrar, por supuesto) el bicentenario del Trienio Liberal español, atendiendo no sólo a sus implicancias en la Península Ibérica, sino especialmente a su impacto en América. La efeméride funcionó, entonces, como una excusa para analizar problemas relevantes del pasado y el presente. En este caso, los vínculos entre una sociedad estancada, y que ya nada más tenía para ofrecer, y una de las revoluciones más importantes que se desenvolvió a lo largo y ancho de Iberoamérica. Esto se hizo por medio de la presentación de un conjunto de investigaciones que atendieron a los aspectos económicos, políticos, sociales y culturales de la revolución de 1820. Se trató de un esfuerzo colectivo, que esperamos haber plasmado en esta compilación