COMPORTAMIENTO ALIMENTARIO DE MONOS AULLADORES NEGROS (ALOUATTA PIGRA LAWRENCE, CEBIDAE) EN HÁBITAT FRAGMENTADO EN BALANCÁN, TABASCO, MÉXICO

This report is based on the feeding behavior of one black howler monkey troop (Alouatta pigra). Observations were made during an annual cycle (February 2002 to January 2003) in a highly fragmented habitat (0,164 ha) in the Leona Vicario ranch, Balancan, Tabasco, Mexico. The present study is the first systematic report for the state of Tabasco on the diet of this primate specie. By means of the Focal Animal method, behavioral observations of the activities of the troop (n=9, 3 AM, 2 AF, 2 J, 2 I) were recorded (n = 499 h), of which 19.6 % (96 h 55 min) were recorded developing feeding behavior. In the study area we recorded the consumption of 15 spp. (55.5 %) of a total of 27 plants species in the site. The number of species used per month varied from 5 to 12 (mean = nine species). The Young leaves and the mature fruits were the main vegetal parts consumed by the howlers (70.8 % and 11.4 % respectively). Between the different species consumed by the howlers, only few were preferred by the troop (X2= 25060, p>>0.001, gl =14) and these species had low densities in the study site (vgr. Andira inermis with 0,007 ind/ha). Under these disturbance conditions, howler’s consumption on different plant parts throughout the year shows us a high nutritional flexibility. This strategy allows the black howler monkeys to survive in the study site in the short term; nevertheless, it is very important to investigate the consequences population level in the future.Se informa sobre el comportamiento alimentario del mono aullador negro (Alouatta pigra Lawrence) durante un ciclo anual (Febrero 2002 a Enero 2003) en un remanente boscoso de 0.164 ha rodeado de potrero en la Ranchería Leona Vicario, Balancán, Tabasco, México. La presente investigación se constituye como el primer estudio sistemático para el estado de Tabasco sobre la dieta de esta especie. Mediante el método Animal Focal, se registraron observaciones conductuales (n= 499 h) de las actividades de una tropa de A. pigra (n= 9; 3 MA, 2 HA, 2 J, 2 In), de las cuales el 19.6 % (96 h 55 min) fueron dedicadas a la alimentación. En el área de estudio se registró el consumo de 15 spp. (55.5 %) de un total de 27 especies de plantas presentes en el área de estudio. El número de especies usadas por mes variaron desde 5 a 12 con un promedio de 9 especies. Las hojas jóvenes y los frutos maduros fueron las partes vegetales principales en la dieta de los monos aulladores y los porcentajes de uso fueron 70.8 % y 11.4 % respectivamente. Entre las diferentes especies de plantas consumidas por los aulladores, se mostró preferencia (X2= 25060, p>0.001, gl. =14) por algunas que se presentaban poco abundantes en el sitio de estudio (p.e. Andira inermes con 0.007 ind/ha). Bajo estas condiciones de perturbación, el consumo de diferentes especies vegetales, así como de sus diferentes partes a lo largo del año indica que los monos aulladores negros poseen una gran flexibilidad alimenticia que les ha permitido sobrevivir en el área de estudio. Sin embargo, se presenta como un reto el investigar la viabilidad poblacional de la especie en años futuros

Disfunciones en primates no humanos

Se presenta una revisión sistemática y actualizada de la literatura sobre discapacidad en primates no humanos. La información obtenida muestra que en diversas especies de primates los individuos con malformaciones y otras anormalidades, congénitas o adquiridas, tienen una importante flexibilidad conductual que en muchas ocasiones les permite sobrevivir y reproducirse a pesar de sus limitaciones. En algunos casos se ha observado que los individuos con discapacidad reciben cuidados por parte de sus congéneres, particularmente las crías e infantes. Las madres también muestran flexibilidad conductual para adaptarse a las necesidades y ritmos de los individuos afectados. El cuidado en la discapacidad aparece como un rasgo importante del comportamiento social de los primates no humanos. Por lo anterior, se plantea una crítica a la teoría aun prevaleciente del darwinismo social y su ideología de un mundo que mejora con base en la competencia y supervivencia solo de los más aptos, situación que impacta negativamente en el trato a personas con discapacidad

Enriquecimiento ambiental y su efecto en la exhibición de comportamientos estereotipados en jaguares (Panthera onca) del Parque Zoológico Yaguar Xoo, Oaxaca

The development of environmental enrichment programs to captive animals, promotes the animal welfare by increasing their physical activity as well as diminishing the stress, and preventing or reducing abnormal or stereotypic behaviors. In the Yaguar Xoo Zoological Park we designed and applied an environmental enrichment program to four captive jaguars (Panthera onca). Were two males (four and ten years old) and two females (four and ten years respectively). Enrichment items (teething and bag with stones) were applied, food (chicken, beef, fish, food shopping Whiskas®) and sensory (recordings of vocalizations of jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor and howler monkey Alouatta palliata, and as bags with different essences of mint, orange, anise, lynx Lynx rufus and ocelot Felis pardis urine). Our goal was to evaluate the program’s efficiency on the reduction or elimination of stereotypic behaviors (swinging, pacing, and vocalization). The exhibit behaviors were evaluated through three different phases: (1) the pre-enrichment phase (26 days), (2) the environmental enrichment application phase (34 days), and (3) the post-enrichment phase (22 days). As a result of the application program found a significant decrease in the performance of stereotypies and an increase in behavior normal individuals studied. For these four jaguars, the number of displayed normal behavior (whether they were individual or social) was significantly different among the three stage of the study (F2,306 = 4.215, p = 0.0156). In the post-enrichment frequency of normal behavior was similar to the pre-enrichment (p = 0.4680). The swinging (9.57%) decreased dramatically once applied environmental enrichement (0.96%) and, this trend continued even though the enrichment was removed (3.88%) (X2 = 102.9, p < 0.001). The pacing (1.96%) also fell dramatically once applied environmental enrichment (0.36%) and, once the enrichment was removed, the percentage increased to levels similar to the previous stage (1.26%) (X2 = 12.6, p < 0.001). The vocalization (3.06%) decreased dramatically once applied environmentalenrichment (0.48%), however was similar in the stages before and after the enrichment (3.49%)(X2 = 21.14, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the application of the environmental enrichment enhance captivejaguars’ well-being by stimulating active behaviors and reducing stereotypical behaviors.El desarrollo de programas de enriquecimiento ambiental para animales en cautiverio promueve el bienestar animal aumentando la actividad física, reduciendo el estrés y, previniendo o reduciendotrastornos como las estereotipias o comportamientos anormales. En el Parque Zoológico Yaguar Xoo se diseñó y aplicó un programa a cuatro jaguares (Panthera onca). Fueron dos machos (de cuatroy diez años de edad) y dos hembras (de cuatro y diez años, respectivamente). Se aplicaron estímulos ocupativos (mordedera y garrafón con piedras), alimenticios (pollo, carne de res, pescado, alimento comercial Whiskas®) y sensoriales (grabaciones de vocalizaciones de jaguar Panthera onca, puma Puma concolor y mono aullador Alouatta palliata, así como sacos con diferentes esencias de menta, naranja, anís, orina de lince Lynx rufus y de ocelote Felis pardis). Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia del programa, mediante la reducción o eliminación de las estereotipias (balanceo, paseo y vocalización), se midieron los patrones de comportamiento presentados en los sujetos de estudio durante tres diferentes etapas: (1) previa al enriquecimiento (26 días), (2) aplicación del enriquecimiento ambiental (34 días) y, (3) posterior al enriquecimiento (22 días). Como resultado de la aplicación del programa encontramos una disminución significativa en la ejecución de estereotipias y un incremento en los comportamientos normales en los individuos de estudio. Para los cuatro jaguares el número de comportamiento normales exhibidos (independientemente de que fueran individuales o sociales) fue significativamente distinto entre las tres etapas del estudio (F2,306 = 4.215, p = 0.0156). En la etapa posterior al enriquecimiento la frecuencia de comportamientos normales fue similar a la etapa previa al enriquecimiento (p = 0.4680). El balanceo (9.57%) disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.96%) y, esta tendencia se mantuvo aun cuando el enriquecimiento fue retirado (3.88%) (X2 = 102.9, p < 0.001). El paseo (1.96%) también disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.36%) y, una vez que el enriquecimiento fue retirado, el porcentaje se incrementó a niveles similares con la etapa previa (1.26%) (X2 = 12.6, p < 0.001). La vocalización (3.06%) disminuyó drásticamente una vez que se aplicó el enriquecimiento ambiental (0.48%), sin embargo fue similar en las etapas previa y posterior al enriquecimiento (3.49%) (X2 = 21.14, p < 0.001). Esto demuestra que la aplicación del programa tuvo un efecto positivo al tiempo de evaluación en el comportamiento de los felinos, al disminuir la frecuencia de estereotipias.

Víctor Rico-Gray (1951-2021): un recorrido por la vida de un gran visionario en la ecología

As a tribute and permanent memory of those of us who were his students, continuing his legacy, in commemoration of his death anniversary, on April 4.Como homenaje y permanente recuerdo de quienes fuimos sus estudiantes, continuando su legado, en conmemoración de su aniversario luctuoso, el día 4 de abril.   &nbsp

Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investment

Conservation funding is currently limited; cost‐effective conservation solutions are essential. We suggest that the thousands of field stations worldwide can play key roles at the frontline of biodiversity conservation and have high intrinsic value. We assessed field stations’ conservation return on investment and explored the impact of COVID‐19. We surveyed leaders of field stations across tropical regions that host primate research; 157 field stations in 56 countries responded. Respondents reported improved habitat quality and reduced hunting rates at over 80% of field stations and lower operational costs per km 2 than protected areas, yet half of those surveyed have less funding now than in 2019. Spatial analyses support field station presence as reducing deforestation. These “earth observatories” provide a high return on investment; we advocate for increased support of field station programs and for governments to support their vital conservation efforts by investing accordingly

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Les droits disciplinaires des fonctions publiques : « unification », « harmonisation » ou « distanciation ». A propos de la loi du 26 avril 2016 relative à la déontologie et aux droits et obligations des fonctionnaires

The production of tt‾ , W+bb‾ and W+cc‾ is studied in the forward region of proton–proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98±0.02 fb−1 . The W bosons are reconstructed in the decays W→ℓν , where ℓ denotes muon or electron, while the b and c quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions.The production of $t\overline{t}$, $W+b\overline{b}$ and $W+c\overline{c}$ is studied in the forward region of proton-proton collisions collected at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV by the LHCb experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.98 $\pm$ 0.02 \mbox{fb}^{-1}. The $W$ bosons are reconstructed in the decays $W\rightarrow\ell\nu$, where $\ell$ denotes muon or electron, while the $b$ and $c$ quarks are reconstructed as jets. All measured cross-sections are in agreement with next-to-leading-order Standard Model predictions

Physics case for an LHCb Upgrade II - Opportunities in flavour physics, and beyond, in the HL-LHC era

The LHCb Upgrade II will fully exploit the flavour-physics opportunities of the HL-LHC, and study additional physics topics that take advantage of the forward acceptance of the LHCb spectrometer. The LHCb Upgrade I will begin operation in 2020. Consolidation will occur, and modest enhancements of the Upgrade I detector will be installed, in Long Shutdown 3 of the LHC (2025) and these are discussed here. The main Upgrade II detector will be installed in long shutdown 4 of the LHC (2030) and will build on the strengths of the current LHCb experiment and the Upgrade I. It will operate at a luminosity up to 2×1034 cm−2s−1, ten times that of the Upgrade I detector. New detector components will improve the intrinsic performance of the experiment in certain key areas. An Expression Of Interest proposing Upgrade II was submitted in February 2017. The physics case for the Upgrade II is presented here in more depth. CP-violating phases will be measured with precisions unattainable at any other envisaged facility. The experiment will probe b → sl+l−and b → dl+l− transitions in both muon and electron decays in modes not accessible at Upgrade I. Minimal flavour violation will be tested with a precision measurement of the ratio of B(B0 → μ+μ−)/B(Bs → μ+μ−). Probing charm CP violation at the 10−5 level may result in its long sought discovery. Major advances in hadron spectroscopy will be possible, which will be powerful probes of low energy QCD. Upgrade II potentially will have the highest sensitivity of all the LHC experiments on the Higgs to charm-quark couplings. Generically, the new physics mass scale probed, for fixed couplings, will almost double compared with the pre-HL-LHC era; this extended reach for flavour physics is similar to that which would be achieved by the HE-LHC proposal for the energy frontier

LHCb upgrade software and computing : technical design report

This document reports the Research and Development activities that are carried out in the software and computing domains in view of the upgrade of the LHCb experiment. The implementation of a full software trigger implies major changes in the core software framework, in the event data model, and in the reconstruction algorithms. The increase of the data volumes for both real and simulated datasets requires a corresponding scaling of the distributed computing infrastructure. An implementation plan in both domains is presented, together with a risk assessment analysis

Multidifferential study of identified charged hadron distributions in ZZ-tagged jets in proton-proton collisions at s=\sqrt{s}=13 TeV

Jet fragmentation functions are measured for the first time in proton-proton collisions for charged pions, kaons, and protons within jets recoiling against a $Z$ boson. The charged-hadron distributions are studied longitudinally and transversely to the jet direction for jets with transverse momentum 20 $< p_{\textrm{T}} < 100$ GeV and in the pseudorapidity range $2.5 < \eta < 4$. The data sample was collected with the LHCb experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.64 fb$^{-1}$. Triple differential distributions as a function of the hadron longitudinal momentum fraction, hadron transverse momentum, and jet transverse momentum are also measured for the first time. This helps constrain transverse-momentum-dependent fragmentation functions. Differences in the shapes and magnitudes of the measured distributions for the different hadron species provide insights into the hadronization process for jets predominantly initiated by light quarks.Comment: All figures and tables, along with machine-readable versions and any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-013.html (LHCb public pages