An interferometric determination of the refractive part of optical constants for carbon and silver across soft X-ray absorption edges

International audienceInterferometric, direct determinations of the f 1 scattering factor near absorption edges in the soft x-ray range is demonstrated. The interferometric system, which is based on wave front division (no beam splitter) with plane mirrors only, produces a linear fringe pattern. The principle consists in direct measuring of the fringe shift occurring upon insertion of a sample into one interferometer arm, by means of a dedicated detection system. This provides the optical thickness, which in turn gives the f 1 factor, knowing either the sample mass per unit surface, or the sample thickness and density. With the sample being probed in transmission under near normal incidence, the determination of f 1 is not perturbed by the absorption part of the complex scattering factor. Therefore, f 1 data obtained here can be said new and independent with respect to those obtained previously, in the sense that they are obtained from a new, purely experimental technique, and are neither deduced from nor perturbed by absorption. The interferometer design used can be implemented in a very large spectral range. For demonstrating the ability of this interferometric system to provide such new f 1 data, a thin free-standing carbon foil near the K edge (from 4.1 to 4.65 nm, 302-267 eV), and a membrane-supported silver layer near an M edge (from 2.6 to 3.8 nm, 477-326 eV) were used as test objects

VUV Fourier-transform absorption study of the Lyman and Werner bands in D2

An extensive survey of the D2 absorption spectrum has been performed with the high-resolution VUV Fourier-transform spectrometer of the DESIRS beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The frequency range of 90 000-119 000 cm-1 covers the full depth of the potential wells of the B 1{\Sigma}+u, B' 1{\Sigma}+u, and C 1{\Pi}u electronic states up to the D(1s) + D(2\ell) dissociation limit. Improved level energies of rovibrational levels have been determined up to respectively v = 51, v = 13, and v = 20. Highest resolution is achieved by probing absorption in a molecular gas jet with slit geometry, as well as in a liquid helium cooled static gas cell, resulting in line widths of ~0.35 cm-1. Extended calibration methods are employed to extract line positions of D2 lines at absolute accuracies of 0.03 cm-1. The D1{\Pi}u and B" 1{\Sigma}+u electronic states correlate with the D(1s) + D(3\ell) dissociation limit, but support a few vibrational levels below the second dissociation limit, respectively v = 0-3 and v = 0-1, and are also included in the presented study. The complete set of resulting level energies is the most comprehensive and accurate data set for D2. The observations are compared with previous studies, both experimental and theoretical.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. The second set of Tables (Tables I-IV after the references), is auxiliary materia

Probing multilayer stack reflectors by low coherence interferometry in extreme ultraviolet

International audienceWe use low coherence interferometry to investigate the depth structure of a complex multilayer stack reflector. The probing instrument is an interferometer based on a Fresnel's bi-mirror illuminated by relatively wide-band synchrotron undulator light near 13.5 nm. Simulations clearly confirm that our test object generates two back propagated signals that behave as if reflected on two effective planes. First results in this spectral range may open the way to a new physical approach to extreme ultraviolet sample characterization in the form of line-scan optical coherence tomography

Internal frequency conversion extreme ultraviolet interferometer using mutual coherence properties of two high-order-harmonic sources

International audienceWe report on an innovative two-dimensional imaging extreme ultraviolet (XUV) interferometer operating at 32 nm based on the mutual coherence of two laser high order harmonics (HOH) sources, separately generated in gas. We give the first evidence that the two mutually coherent HOH sources can be produced in two independent spatially separated gas jets, allowing for probing centimeter-sized objects. A magnification factor of 10 leads to a micron resolution associated with a subpicosecond temporal resolution. Single shot interferograms with a fringe visibility better than 30% are routinely produced. As a test of the XUV interferometer, we measure a maximum electronic density of 3×10^20 cm^−3 1.1 ns after the creation of a plasma on aluminum target

Rayonnement harmonique d'ordre élevé (génération d'impulsions attosecondes)

Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire de thèse sont consacrés à la caractérisation et à l'optimisation des propriétés uniques de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé dans les gaz: grande brillance, très courte durée (femtoseconde à attoseconde, 1as = 10^-(18)s) et bonne cohérence mutuelle. Dans une première partie, nous nous consacrons à l'exploitation de la loi d'échelle qui consiste à utiliser un laser de forte énergie faiblement focalisé dans un milieu générateur de grande dimension. Pour la première fois,une énergie par impulsion dépassant 1mJ est générée dans la 15èmc harmonique à une longueur d'onde de 53mn. L'efficacité de conversion atteint 4x10^(-5); elle résulte de la combinaison d'une réponse dipolaire intense et d'un bon accord de phase à l'échelle d'un volume étendu grâce à l'autoguidage de l'impulsion laser génératrice. Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous intéressons au profil temporel de l'émission harmonique et à sa structure attoseconde. Nous montrons d'abord la faisabilité d'une sélection spatiale/spectrale des contributions associées aux deux trajectoires électroniques, permettant ainsi la génération de trains réguliers d'impulsions attosecondes. Puis, nous caractérisons ces trains à partir de la mesure des phases relatives des harmoniques. Finalement, nous décrivons une technique originale de confinement temporel de la génération d'harmoniques d'ordre élevé par manipulation de l'ellipticité du laser générateur. Dans une troisième partie, nous nous intéressons aux propriétés de cohérence mutuelle du rayonnement harmonique. Nous démontrons d'abord le contrôle précis de la phase relative d'impulsions harmoniques par interférence de faisceaux multiples dans l'UVX. Cette expérience d'interférométrie fréquentielle à 4 impulsions bloquées en phase et décalées en temps montre une extrême sensibilité du spectre à la phase relative des impulsions à une échelle de temps attoseconde. Ensuite, nous mesurons pour la première fois l'autocorrélation du 1er ordre du rayonnement harmonique, grâce à la génération de deux sources harmoniques mutuellement cohérentes et séparées spatialement. Nous étudions l'influence de la séparation spatiale des sources harmoniques sur les interférogrammes ainsi obtenus. Ces études ouvrent la voie à la spectroscopie par transformée de Fourier dans l'UVX.The work presented in this thesis is dedicated to the characterization and optimisation of the unique properties of high order harmonic generation in a rare gas: high brilliance, short pulse duration (femtosecond to attosecond, 1as = 10^(-18)s) and good mutual coherence. In the first part of this work, we concentrate on the exploitation of a scaling law using a high-energy laser loosely focused inside an extended gaseous medium. For the first time, the generated harmonic energy exceeds the 1mJ level per laser pulse m the 15th harmonic order at a wavelength of 53nm. The conversion efficiency reaches 4x10^(-5), which results from the combination of a strong dipolar response and a good phase matching within a generating volume that is extended by selfguiding of the generating laser pulse. In the second part, our interest is devoted to the temporal profile of the harmonic emission and its attosecond structure. We first demonstrate the feasibility of a spatial/spectral selection of the contributions associated to the two main electronic trajectories, allowing thereby the generation of regular attosecond pulse trains. We then characterize such an attosecond pulse train by the measurement of the relative phases of consecutive harmonics. Finally, we describe an original technique for the temporal confinement of the harmonic emission by manipulating the ellipticity of the generating laser beam. In the third part, our interest is dedicated to the mutual coherence properties of the harmonic emission. We first demonstrate the precise control of the relative phase of the harmonic pulses by multiple beam interference in the XUV. This frequency-domain interferometry using four phase-locked temporally separated pulses shows an extreme sensitivity to the relative phase of the pulses on an attosecond time scale. We then measure for the first time the first order autocorrelation trace of the harmonic beam thanks to the generation of two harmonic sources mutually coherent and spatially separated. We study the influence of the spatial separation between the harmonic sources on the measured interferograms. These studies provide a way towards Fourier transform spectroscopy in the XUV.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

ETUDE ET REALISATION D'UN SPECTROMETRE PAR TRANSFORMATION DE FOURIER, SANS LAME SEPARATRICE, POUR LE DOMAINE SPECTRAL VUV-EUV

PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocCentre Technique Livre Ens. Sup. (774682301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Applications du rayonnement harmonique à l'interaction UVX-solide (dynamique de relaxation à haute densité d'excitation et endommagement de surface)

ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Le spectromètre à transformée de Fourier de la ligne DESIRS à SOLEIL

La spectroscopie d’absorption à haute résolution dans l’ultraviolet du vide (VUV) est un outil unique pour identifier et comprendre la structure électronique des atomes et des molécules. Mais aucune des méthodes utilisées jusqu’à ce jour ne permet d’offrir simultanément l’accès à la très haute résolution, une large accordabilité et une bonne précision en longueur d’onde. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons conçu, réalisé et mis en service sur la ligne de lumière DESIRS du synchrotron SOLEIL, un spectromètre d’absorption basé sur un concept novateur, avec des performances exceptionnelles en termes de résolution, précision et rapidité d’acquisition des données

Motion-based skill analysis in a fetoscopic spina-bifida repair training model

status: publishe