Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Tomas-Vidal, A., Monge-Ortiz, Raquel, Jover Cerda, Miguel, Martínez-Llorens, Silvia. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili.Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, null. DOI: 10.1111/jwas.12597, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.[EN] The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and amino acids in fish, krill, squid, meat, defatted krill, soybean, wheat gluten, wheat, camilina, pea, sunflower, and fava bean meals were determined for juvenile Seriola dumerili. The results showed that the ADC of dry matter for yellowtail ranged from 57.7 to 87.2% for animal ingredients and from 42.2 to 82.2% for plant ingredients. An ADC of protein exceeding 90% was observed in fishmeal, while camilina meal and fava bean meal presented the lowest values. Pea meal presented the lowest lipid ADC (83.5%). The availabilities were generally higher in animal ingredients than those in vegetal ones. Except camilina and fava bean meal, the other ingredients appear to be favorable for S. dumerili diets, especially the ones from animal sources. Lower case chemical score values (minimum value from amino acid ratios [AARs]) were obtained in some vegetal ingredients (14¿18%), while the highest ones were observed in marine ingredients (69¿88%). According to Oser's Index, the most balanced protein for yellowtail with regard to essential amino acids was in krill, defatted krill, and fishmeal (92¿96%). So, animal sources are suitable as protein ingredients, but they could be enhanced through some essential amino acid supplementation.This project was financed by the “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (reference AGL2011-30547-C03).Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2019). Apparent digestibility and protein quality evaluation of selected feed ingredients in Seriola dumerili. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12597

Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health

[EN] A reduction in fishmeal in diets is essential to achieve the aim of sustainable production. In the current work, using a plant protein blend of wheat gluten, wheat and soybean meal supplemented with Tau, Val, Lys and Met, a 10% higher fishmeal substitution without affecting growth and health parameters has been accomplished. The aquaculture of carnivorous fish is in continuous expansion, which leads to the need to reduce the dependence on fishmeal (FM). Plant proteins (PP) represent a suitable protein alternative to FM and are increasingly used in fish feed. However, PP may lead to stunted growth and enteritis. In the current study, the effect of high FM substitution by PP sources on the growth, mortality and intestinal health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was evaluated in terms of the histological intestine parameters and expression of genes related to inflammation (IL-1 beta, IL-8 and TGF-beta) and immune responses (Transferrin, IgT and IFN-gamma). The results show that a total substitution registered lower growth and survival rates, probably due to a disruption to the animal's health. Confirming this hypothesis, fish fed FM0 showed histological changes in the intestine and gene changes related to inflammatory responses, which in the long-term could have triggered an immunosuppression. The FM10 diet presented not only a similar expression to FM20 (control diet), but also similar growth and survival. Therefore, 90% of FM substitution was demonstrated as being feasible in this species using a PP blend of wheat gluten (WG) and soybean meal (SBM) as a protein source.Vélez-Calabria, G.; Peñaranda, D.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2021). Successful inclusion of high vegetable protein sources in feed for rainbow trout without decrement in intestinal health. Animals. 11(12):1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11123577S118111

Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae)

[EN] The meagre is a fish species of recent interest in aquaculture, because of its fast growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, it hasn't been studied enough, and feed producers do not have enough information about the nutrient requirements to optimize the feed diets of the meagre. This study measures the growth response of this fish to several amounts of food and gives information about the proportion of protein and energy that should be included in its diet, as well as the recommended amount of food to optimize its growth. The meagre is a carnivorous species and might be a suitable candidate species for the diversification of aquaculture in the Mediterranean region. This is based on its high growth and flesh quality. Nevertheless, there is little information available about its growth rates and nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the protein and energy requirements of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Two trials for different weights of 53 and 188 g were conducted with rations from starvation to apparent satiation with the scope of studying its nutritional needs. In the first trial, the initial mean body weight of the fish was 53 g, and they were fed at feeding rates, measured as a percentage of the body weight, of 0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5%, with two replicates per treatment. In a second trial, another group with approximately 188 g of initial body weight was fed at feeding rates of 0, 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5%, with two replicates per treatment. The optimum thermal growth coefficient was obtained with a feed intake of 2.2% day(-1) in trial A and 1.73% day(-1) in trial B. The digestible protein (DP) intake for maintenance was determined as 0.57 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), the DP intake for maximum growth was 6.0 g kg(-0.7) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in protein retention was 1.8 g kg(-0.7) day(-1). The requirement for digestible energy (DE) intake for maintenance was recorded at 25.4 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), the DE intake to maximize growth was 365 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1), and the point for maximum efficiency in energy retention occurs with a digestible energy intake of 93 kJ kg(-0.82) day(-1). The requirements and retention efficiency of protein and energy in Argyrosomus regius tend to be within the range other fish species. The maintenance needs are in agreement with species with low voluntary activity and growth requirements in agreement with fast-growth species.This research was funded by grants from the Planes Nacionales de Acuicultura (JACUMAR) in Spain.Jauralde García, I.; Velazco-Vargas, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2021). Protein and energy requirements for maintenance and growth in juvenile meagre Argyrosomus regius (Asso,1801) (Sciaenidae). Animals. 11(1):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11010077S115111Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., Papaioannou, N., Pavlidis, M., Nengas, I., & Mylonas, C. C. (2010). Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth, feed utilization, body composition and serum metabolites of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Aquaculture, 307(1-2), 65-70. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.002EL-Shebly, A. A., El-Kady, M. A. H., Hussin, A. B., & Hossain, M. Y. (2007). Preliminary Observations on the Pond Culture of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso, 1801) (Sciaenidae) in Egypt. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 2(5), 345-352. doi:10.3923/jfas.2007.345.352ESTÉVEZ, A., TREVIÑO, L., KOTZAMANIS, Y., KARACOSTAS, I., TORT, L., & GISBERT, E. (2010). Effects of different levels of plant proteins on the ongrowing of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles at low temperatures. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e572-e582. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00798.xPoli, B. M., Parisi, G., Zampacavallo, G., Iurzan, F., Mecatti, M., Lupi, P., & Bonelli, A. (2003). Aquaculture International, 11(3), 301-311. doi:10.1023/a:1024840804303Roo, J., Hernández-Cruz, C. M., Borrero, C., Schuchardt, D., & Fernández-Palacios, H. (2010). Effect of larval density and feeding sequence on meagre (Argyrosomus regius; Asso, 1801) larval rearing. Aquaculture, 302(1-2), 82-88. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.02.015Chatzifotis, S., Panagiotidou, M., & Divanach, P. (2011). Effect of protein and lipid dietary levels on the growth of juvenile meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Aquaculture International, 20(1), 91-98. doi:10.1007/s10499-011-9443-yAlvarez-González, C. ., Civera-Cerecedo, R., Ortiz-Galindo, J. ., Dumas, S., Moreno-Legorreta, M., & Grayeb-Del Alamo, T. (2001). Effect of dietary protein level on growth and body composition of juvenile spotted sand bass, Paralabrax maculatofasciatus, fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 194(1-2), 151-159. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00512-3Chong, A. S. ., Ishak, S. D., Osman, Z., & Hashim, R. (2004). Effect of dietary protein level on the reproductive performance of female swordtails Xiphophorus helleri (Poeciliidae). Aquaculture, 234(1-4), 381-392. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.12.003El-Sayed, A.-F. M., & Kawanna, M. (2008). Effects of dietary protein and energy levels on spawning performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock in a recycling system. Aquaculture, 280(1-4), 179-184. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.04.030Lee, S.-M., Jeon, I. G., & Lee, J. Y. (2002). Effects of digestible protein and lipid levels in practical diets on growth, protein utilization and body composition of juvenile rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). Aquaculture, 211(1-4), 227-239. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00880-8Zhang, J., Zhou, F., Wang, L., Shao, Q., Xu, Z., & Xu, J. (2010). Dietary Protein Requirement of Juvenile Black Sea Bream, Sparus macrocephalus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41, 151-164. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00356.xTibbetts, S. M., Lall, S. P., & Anderson, D. M. (2000). Dietary protein requirement of juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata) fed practical diets. Aquaculture, 186(1-2), 145-155. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00363-4Kaushik, S. J., & Seiliez, I. (2010). Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: current knowledge and future needs. Aquaculture Research, 41(3), 322-332. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.xGunasekera, R. M., De Silva, S. S., Collins, R. A., Gooley, G., & Ingram, B. A. (2000). Effect of dietary protein level on growth and food utilization in juvenile Murray codMaccullochella peelii peelii(Mitchell). Aquaculture Research, 31(2), 181-187. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00417.xBooth, M. A., Allan, G. L., & Pirozzi, I. (2010). Estimation of digestible protein and energy requirements of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi using a factorial approach. Aquaculture, 307(3-4), 247-259. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.07.019Jauralde, I., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás, A., & Jover, M. (2016). Protein deposition and energy recovery in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata): Evaluation of nutritional requirements. Aquaculture, 464, 65-73. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.006Lupatsch, I., Kissil, G. W., Sklan, D., & Pfeffer, E. (1998). Energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 4(3), 165-173. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.1998.00065.xLupatsch, Kissil, Sklan, & Pfeffer. (2001). Effects of varying dietary protein and energy supply on growth, body composition and protein utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.). Aquaculture Nutrition, 7(2), 71-80. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2001.00150.xPeres, H., & Oliva-Teles, A. (2005). Protein and Energy Metabolism of European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles and Estimation of Maintenance Requirements. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 31(1), 23-31. doi:10.1007/s10695-005-4586-2Lupatsch, I., & Kissil, G. W. (2005). Feed formulations based on energy and protein demands in white grouper (Epinephelus aeneus). Aquaculture, 248(1-4), 83-95. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.004Pirozzi, I., Booth, M. A., & Allan, G. L. (2008). Protein and energy utilization and the requirements for maintenance in juvenile mulloway (Argyrosomus japonicus). Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 36(1), 109-121. doi:10.1007/s10695-008-9296-0McGoogan, B. B., & Gatlin, D. M. (1998). Metabolic Requirements of Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, for Protein and Energy Based on Weight Gain and Body Composition. The Journal of Nutrition, 128(1), 123-129. doi:10.1093/jn/128.1.123GLENCROSS, B. D. (2009). Reduced water oxygen levels affect maximal feed intake, but not protein or energy utilization efficiency of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Nutrition, 15(1), 1-8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00562.xGlencross, B., Hawkins, W., Evans, D., Rutherford, N., Dods, K., McCafferty, P., & Sipsas, S. (2007). Evaluation of the influence of drying process on the nutritional value of lupin protein concentrates when fed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 265(1-4), 218-229. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.040Rodehutscord, M., & Pfeffer, E. (1999). Maintenance requirement for digestible energy and efficiency of utilisation of digestible energy for retention in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 95-107. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00155-6Booth, M. A., & Allan, G. L. (2003). Utilization of digestible nitrogen and energy from four agricultural ingredients by juvenile silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 9(5), 317-326. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2095.2003.00259.xHatlen, B., Helland, S. J., & Grisdale-Helland, B. (2007). Energy and nitrogen partitioning in 250 g Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) given graded levels of feed with different protein and lipid content. Aquaculture, 270(1-4), 167-177. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.04.001GLENCROSS, B. D. (2008). A factorial growth and feed utilization model for barramundi,Lates calcariferbased on Australian production conditions. Aquaculture Nutrition, 14(4), 360-373. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00543.xHelland, S. J., Hatlen, B., & Grisdale-Helland, B. (2010). Energy, protein and amino acid requirements for maintenance and efficiency of utilization for growth of Atlantic salmon post-smolts determined using increasing ration levels. Aquaculture, 305(1-4), 150-158. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.04.013Fournier, V., Gouillou-Coustans, M. F., Métailler, R., Vachot, C., Guedes, M. J., Tulli, F., … Kaushik, S. J. (2002). Protein and arginine requirements for maintenance and nitrogen gain in four teleosts. British Journal of Nutrition, 87(5), 459-469. doi:10.1079/bjn2002564Bureau, D. P., Hua, K., & Cho, C. Y. (2006). Effect of feeding level on growth and nutrient deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) growing from 150 to 600 g. Aquaculture Research, 37(11), 1090-1098. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01532.xAtkinson, J. L., Hilton, J. W., & Slinger, S. J. (1984). Evaluation of Acid-Insoluble Ash as an Indicator of Feed Digestibility in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 41(9), 1384-1386. doi:10.1139/f84-170Watanabe, K., Ura, K., Yada, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., & Watanabe, T. (2000). Energy and protein requirements of yellowtail for maximum growth and maintenance of body weight. Fisheries Science, 66(6), 1053-1061. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00168.xDumas, A., France, J., & Bureau, D. P. (2007). Evidence of three growth stanzas in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across life stages and adaptation of the thermal-unit growth coefficient. Aquaculture, 267(1-4), 139-146. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.041Jauralde, I., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás, A., Ballestrazzi, R., & Jover, M. (2011). A proposal for modelling the thermal-unit growth coefficient and feed conversion ratio as functions of feeding rate for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata,L.) in summer conditions. Aquaculture Research, 44(2), 242-253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03027.xMayer, P., Estruch, V. D., & Jover, M. (2012). A two-stage growth model for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) based on the thermal growth coefficient. Aquaculture, 358-359, 6-13. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.06.016Panettieri, V., Chatzifotis, S., Messina, C. M., Olivotto, I., Manuguerra, S., Randazzo, B., … Piccolo, G. (2020). Honey Bee Pollen in Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) Juvenile Diets: Effects on Growth, Diet Digestibility, Intestinal Traits, and Biochemical Markers Related to Health and Stress. Animals, 10(2), 231. doi:10.3390/ani10020231Knibb, W. (2000). Genetic improvement of marine fish - which method for industry? Aquaculture Research, 31(1), 11-23. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2109.2000.00393.xWatanabe, K., Hara, Y., Ura, K., Yada, T., Kiron, V., Satoh, S., & Watanabe, T. (2000). Energy and protein requirements for maximum growth and maintenance of bodyweight of yellowtail. Fisheries Science, 66(5), 884-893. doi:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2000.00143.xLupatsch, I., Kissil, G. W., & Sklan, D. (2001). Optimization of feeding regimes for European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax: a factorial approach. Aquaculture, 202(3-4), 289-302. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(01)00779-7Arshad Hossain, M., Almatar, S. M., & James, C. M. (2010). Optimum Dietary Protein Level for Juvenile Silver Pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen). Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 41(5), 710-720. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.2010.00413.xSandberg, F. B., Emmans, G. C., & Kyriazakis, I. (2005). Partitioning of limiting protein and energy in the growing pig: testing quantitative rules against experimental data. British Journal of Nutrition, 93(2), 213-224. doi:10.1079/bjn20041322Sánchez-Lozano, N. B., Martínez-Llorens, S., Tomás-Vidal, A., & Cerdá, M. J. (2009). Effect of high-level fish meal replacement by pea and rice concentrate protein on growth, nutrient utilization and fillet quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Aquaculture, 298(1-2), 83-89. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.09.028SÁNCHEZ-LOZANO, N. B., MARTÍNEZ-LLORENS, S., TOMÁS-VIDAL, A., & JOVER CERDÁ, M. (2010). Amino acid retention of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata, L.) fed with pea protein concentrate. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17(2), e604-e614. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2095.2010.00803.xHillestad, M., & Johnsen, F. (1994). 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Effects of Eco-Organic Feed on Growth Performance, Biometric Indices, and Nutrient Retention of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

[EN] This study examined how eco-organic feed affects the growth performance, nutrient efficiency, feed utilisation, and body composition of gilthead seabream. Six different diets were tested, including a control diet (CONT) without organic ingredients and four diets with 100% organic ingredients: trout (TRO), seabass (SBS), poultry (POU), and mix (MIX), along with a control organic diet (ORG) containing organic ingredients and 30% fishmeal. The experiment lasted 70 days, and the fish were fed twice a day, starting with an initial weight of 60.5 g. The results showed that the highest growth rates were observed in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets containing fishmeal. Conversely, the POU diet resulted in the lowest growth rate, survival rate, and highest value for feed conversion ratio (FCR). Almost all essential amino acid efficiency values were high in fish fed the ORG and CONT diets. Still, significant differences were noted in the retention efficiency of fatty acids across all diets. The retention efficiency was higher in the CONT diet, followed by the ORG diet. However, the economic conversion rate was lower for CONT, SBS, TRO, and MIX. Overall, using organic diets of animal origin impacted the growth performance of gilthead seabream, but it is still a promising approach.This project had been developed with the collaboration of the Biodiversity Foundation (Spanish Ministry for Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge), through the Pleamar Program, co-financed by the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF). A full scholarship from the Ministry of Higher Education of the Arab Republic of Egypt funds the researcher Eslam TefalTefal, E.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jauralde García, I.; Peñaranda, D.; Jover Cerda, M. (2023). Effects of Eco-Organic Feed on Growth Performance, Biometric Indices, and Nutrient Retention of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata). Sustainability. 15(14):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410750116151

Relation of quality and sensory perception with changes in free amino acids of thawed seabream

[EN] This study aimed to investigate how the freshness before frozen storage affect the quality and sensory characteristics of seabream in different commercial presentations and to correlate the findings with free amino acids composition. The fish were slaughtered, allocated to three processing treatments (whole, gutted and filleted) and stored at refrigeration (0±1 °C) for different times (5, 9, 11 and 18 days) before one-month frozen storage (¿30 °C). After this time, physicochemical (pH, TVB-N, TBARS and free amino acids), bacterial count and sensory evaluation (Torry Index & Quality Descriptive Analysis -QDA-) were studied. Significant differences were found among treatments over time for TVB-N, TBARS and bacterial growth. The quality index (Torry) exhibited a gradual decrease. QDA showed that fillets had the lowest assessment. Free amino acids contents varied significantly during frozen storage with a particular behavior that depended on the previous treatment applied and the fish freshness degree (elapsed days before frozen)This study was financially supported by the Gobierno de Aragón (Grupo Consolidado de Calidad y Tecnología de la Carne, Ref: A04), Instituto Agroalimentario Mixto de Aragón (IA2) and Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia.Calanche, J.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Jover Cerda, M.; Alonso, V.; Roncales, P.; Beltrán, J. (2019). Relation of quality and sensory perception with changes in free amino acids of thawed seabream. Food Research International. 119:126-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2019.01.050S12613411

Fatty Acid Signatures in Different Tissues of Mediterranean Yellowtail, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Vegetable and Fish Oils

[EN] The study aimed to evaluate how replacing different proportions of fish oil (FO) with vegetable oils (VO) in the diet of Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), affects the fatty acids (FA) signature, i.e.; overall FA profile, in different tissues. A total of 225 Mediterranean yellowtail juveniles (initial live weight: 176 ± 3.62 g) were fed for 109 days with one of three diets: A control diet (FO 100), with FO as the only lipid source, or diets with 75% and 100% of FO replaced with a VO mixture. At the end of the feeding trial, the brains, muscles, livers, and visceral fat were sampled in four fish per tank (12 per treatment), and their fat were extracted and used for FA analysis. The FA signatures of red and white muscle, liver, and visceral fat tissues changed when the dietary FA source changed, whereas FA signatures in the brain were rather robust to such dietary changes. These new insights might help evaluate whether key physiological functions are preserved when fish are fed diets with low FO levels, as well as define the dietary FA requirements of Mediterranean yellowtail to improve the sustainability of the production and welfare of the fish.The Ph.D. grant held by Francesco Bordignon is funded by the ECCEAQUA project (MIUR; CUP: C26C18000030004).Bordignon, F.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Trocino, A.; Milián-Sorribes, MC.; Jover Cerda, M.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2020). Fatty Acid Signatures in Different Tissues of Mediterranean Yellowtail, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Vegetable and Fish Oils. Animals. 10(2):1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10020198S116102Matsunari, H., Hashimoto, H., Oda, K., Masuda, Y., Imaizumi, H., Teruya, K., … Mushiake, K. (2012). Effects of docosahexaenoic acid on growth, survival and swim bladder inflation of larval amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso). Aquaculture Research, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03174.xGrau, A., Riera, F., & Carbonell, E. (1999). Aquaculture International, 7(5), 307-317. doi:10.1023/a:1009212520021Sicuro, B., & Luzzana, U. (2016). The State ofSeriola spp.Other Than Yellowtail (S. quinqueradiata) Farming in the World. Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture, 24(4), 314-325. doi:10.1080/23308249.2016.1187583Mazzola, A., Favaloro, E., & Sarà, G. (2000). Cultivation of the Mediterranean amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810), in submerged cages in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Aquaculture, 181(3-4), 257-268. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00243-4Jover, M., Garcı́a-Gómez, A., Tomás, A., De la Gándara, F., & Pérez, L. (1999). Growth of mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerilii) fed extruded diets containing different levels of protein and lipid. Aquaculture, 179(1-4), 25-33. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(99)00149-0Takakuwa, F., Fukada, H., Hosokawa, H., & Masumoto, T. (2006). Optimum digestible protein and energy levels and ratio for greater amberjack Seriola dumerili (Risso) fingerling. Aquaculture Research, 37(15), 1532-1539. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01590.xVidal, A. T., De la Gándara García, F., Gómez, A. G., & Cerdá, M. J. (2008). Effect of the protein/energy ratio on the growth of Mediterranean yellowtail (Seriola dumerili). Aquaculture Research, 39(11), 1141-1148. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01975.xPapadakis, I. E., Chatzifotis, S., Divanach, P., & Kentouri, M. (2007). Weaning of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerilii Risso 1810) juveniles from moist to dry pellet. Aquaculture International, 16(1), 13-25. doi:10.1007/s10499-007-9118-xHaouas, W. G., Zayene, N., Guerbej, H., Hammami, M., & Achour, L. (2010). Fatty acids distribution in different tissues of wild and reared Seriola dumerili. 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Effects of dietary barley on rainbow trout exposed to an acute stress challenge

Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibited.[EN] The present study evaluates the effect of dietary barley, based on its potential stress-relieving properties, on rainbow trout under acute stress challenge (hypoxia and crowding) and their recovery. Diets were formulated containing increasing barley concentrations (0, 4, 8, 16, 32%). Cortisol on plasma and fin, glucose and lactate plasma levels and malondialdehyde (MDA) in muscle were determined under normoxia before the stress test (basal levels), 30 min after the acute stress challenge and also during normoxia recovery (6 and 12 h after the stress). Results showed that at basal levels the inclusion of barley had no influence on cortisol, glucose nor on lactate values. After 30 min from the stress challenge, there was a significant increase in cortisol, glucose and lactate concentration in fish of all groups. Plasma cortisol showed the lowest levels in fish fed with diets at a medium (8%) of barley concentration and returned to basal levels 6 h after the stress stimulus with no differences between diets. Glucose values showed a less clear tendency 30 min after the stress challenge with lower levels in the control group, fish fed with 8% and 32% of barley in the diets and returned to basal levels in almost all the groups only 12 h after the stress challenge. Lactate showed the same trend as with glucose after the stress challenge but it returned to basal levels in 6 h. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease of lipid oxidation (MDA) in muscle soon after the stress test of fish fed with the highest barley levels. The present results suggest a potential positive effect of dietary barley on trout stress response.This work has been co-funded with FEDER and INIA funds. Julia Pinedo has been granted with the FPI-INIA grant number 21 (call 2012, BOE-2012-13337).Pinedo-Gil, J.; Martín-Diana, AB.; Bertotto, D.; Sanz-Calvo, M.; Jover Cerda, M.; Tomas-Vidal, A. (2019). Effects of dietary barley on rainbow trout exposed to an acute stress challenge. Aquaculture. 501:32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.070S323850

Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet

[EN] The interaction between diet and intestinal health has been widely discussed, although in vivo approaches have reported limitations. The intestine explant culture system developed provides an advantage since it reduces the number of experimental fish and increases the time of incubation compared to similar methods, becoming a valuable tool in the study of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria, rearing conditions, or dietary components and fish gut immune response. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the total substitution of fish meal by plants on the immune intestinal status of seabream using an ex vivo bacterial challenge. For this aim, two growth stages of fish were assayed (12 g): phase I (90 days), up to 68 g, and phase II (305 days), up to 250 g. Additionally, in phase II, the effects of long term and short term exposure (15 days) to a plant protein (PP) diet were determined. PP diet altered the mucosal immune homeostasis, the younger fish being more sensitive, and the intestine from fish fed short-term plant diets showed a higher immune response than with long-term feeding. Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) triggered the highest immune and inflammatory response, while COX-2 expression was significantly induced by Photobacterium damselae subsp. Piscicida (P. damselae subsp. Piscicida), showing a positive high correlation between the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukin 1 beta (IL1-beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase 2(COX-2).The research was supported by a grant financed by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad AGL2015-70487-P. and Generalitat Valenciana, IDIFEDER/2020/029 The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. It was additionally granted by Contrato Pre-doctoral para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario from Subprogramas de Formacion y Movilidad within the Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad of the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain.Peñaranda, D.; Bäuerl, C.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Jover Cerda, M.; Estruch, G.; Pérez Martínez, G.; Martínez-Llorens, S. (2020). Intestinal Explant Cultures from Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata, L.) Allowed the Determination of Mucosal Sensitivity to Bacterial Pathogens and the Impact of a Plant Protein Diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21(20):1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207584S1202120Minghetti, M., Drieschner, C., Bramaz, N., Schug, H., & Schirmer, K. (2017). A fish intestinal epithelial barrier model established from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cell line, RTgutGC. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 33(6), 539-555. doi:10.1007/s10565-017-9385-xGómez, G. D., & Balcázar, J. L. (2008). 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Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.)

[EN] The digestive tract, particularly the intestine, represents one of the main sites of interactions with the environment, playing the gut mucosa a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and in the immune defence. Previous researches have proven that the fishmeal replacement by plant sources could have an impact on the intestinal status at both digestive and immune level, compromising relevant productive parameters, such as feed efficiency, growth or survival. In order to evaluate the long-term impact of total fishmeal replacement on intestinal mucosa, the gut mucosa proteome was analysed in fish fed with a fishmeal-based diet, against plant protein-based diets with or without alternative marine sources inclusion. Total fishmeal replacement without marine ingredients inclusion, reported a negative impact in growth and biometric parameters, further an altered gut mucosa proteome. However, the inclusion of a low percentage of marine ingredients in plant protein-based diets was able to maintain the growth, biometrics parameters and gut mucosa proteome with similar values to FM group. A total fishmeal replacement induced a big set of underrepresented proteins in relation to several biological processes such as intracellular transport, assembly of cellular macrocomplex, protein localization and protein catabolism, as well as several molecular functions, mainly related with binding to different molecules and the maintenance of the cytoskeleton structure. The set of downregulated proteins also included molecules which have a crucial role in the maintenance of the normal function of the enterocytes, and therefore, of the epithelium, including permeability, immune and inflammatory response regulation and nutritional absorption. Possibly, the amino acid imbalance presented in VM diet, in a long-term feeding, may be the main reason of these alterations, which can be prevented by the inclusion of 15% of alternative marine sources. Significance: Long-term feeding with plant protein based diets may be considered as a stress factor and lead to a negative impact on digestive and immune system mechanisms at the gut, that can become apparent in a reduced fish performance. The need for fishmeal replacement by alternative ingredients such as plant sources to ensure the sustainability of the aquaculture sector has led the research assessing the intestinal status of fish to be of increasing importance. This scientific work provides further knowledge about the proteins and biologic processes altered in the gut in response to plant protein based diets, suggesting the loss of part of gut mucosa functionality. Nevertheless, the inclusion of alternative marine ingredients was able to reverse these negative effects, showing as a feasible option to develop sustainable aquafeeds.The first author was supported by a contract-grant (Contrato Pre doctoral para la Formacion de Profesorado Universitario) from Subprogramas de Formacion y Movilidad within the Programa Estatal de Promocion del Talento y su Empleabilidad of the Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte of Spain.Estruch, G.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Monge-Ortiz, R.; Jover Cerda, M.; Brown, PB.; Peñaranda, D. (2020). Impact of high dietary plant protein with or without marine ingredients in gut mucosa proteome of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Journal of Proteomics. 216:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103672S113216Martínez-Llorens, S., Moñino, A. V., Tomás Vidal, A., Salvador, V. J. M., Pla Torres, M., & Jover Cerdá, M. (2007). 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Replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil blends in feeds for greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles: effect on growth performance, feed efficiency, tissue fatty acid composition and flesh nutritional value

[EN] This study was undertaken to assess the effects of fish oil (FO) substitution by a mixture of alternative vegetable oils (VO) on Seriola dumerili culture performance. A 154-day feeding experiment was conducted using juveniles (39.2 +/- 1.6g average weight). Three isolipidic and isoenergetic meal-based diets were formulated varying their lipid component. The control diet contained 100% FO (FO100), whereas diets VO50 and VO100 included 1/2 of oil blend and all the oil from blend of palm oil (PO) and linseed oil (LO) as substitute for FO, respectively. Dietary regime did not significantly affect growth performance, biometric indices, feed efficiency, plasma chemistry and liver and muscle lipid contents. Nonetheless, dietary VO inclusion impacted on the fatty acid profile of target tissues, especially in the liver. Fatty acid profiles of the fillets reflected those of the dietary oils except that there was apparent selective utilization of palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1n-9) and apparent selective retention of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3). The nutritional value and the potential ability to prevent the development of coronary heart diseases of the flesh lipid fraction decreased with gradual FO substitution.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN), Grant/Award Number: AGL2011-30547-C03-02Monge-Ortiz, R.; Tomas-Vidal, A.; Rodriguez-Barreto, D.; Martínez-Llorens, S.; Perez, J.; Jover Cerda, M.; Lorenzo, A. (2018). Replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil blends in feeds for greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) juveniles: effect on growth performance, feed efficiency, tissue fatty acid composition and flesh nutritional value. 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The Journal of Nutrition, 131(5), 1535-1543. doi:10.1093/jn/131.5.1535Bell, J. G., McGhee, F., Campbell, P. J., & Sargent, J. R. (2003). Rapeseed oil as an alternative to marine fish oil in diets of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): changes in flesh fatty acid composition and effectiveness of subsequent fish oil «wash out». Aquaculture, 218(1-4), 515-528. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00462-3Bell, J. G., & Sargent, J. R. (2003). Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture, 218(1-4), 491-499. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(02)00370-8Bell, J. G., Tocher, D. R., Henderson, R. J., Dick, J. R., & Crampton, V. O. (2003). Altered Fatty Acid Compositions in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fed Diets Containing Linseed and Rapeseed Oils Can Be Partially Restored by a Subsequent Fish Oil Finishing Diet. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(9), 2793-2801. doi:10.1093/jn/133.9.2793Benedito-Palos, L., Navarro, J. 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