Model for GIS landslide database establishment and operation in Republic of Macedonia

Landslides are one of the most damaging and most significant geo-hazards in the Republic ofMacedonia. Due to many reasons landslide data collection in the past have been generally unsystematic. Knowingthat new occurrences are to be expected in future, brief overview on landslide databases in Europe is given and modelfor establishing and operation of national GIS landslide database is proposed in the paper. Model for assignment ofgovernmental body on landslides, along with structure and way of operation of the envisaged database is presented.Formation of this landslide database is the basic step towards better understanding of the landslide hazard in future.This database will enable conditions for selection of most endangered regions and selection of appropriate models forlandslide hazard and risk zonation. As a result, land use planning will become more efficient, and vulnerability ofpeople and goods will be decreased. In this context, some results from recent landslide susceptibility assessment studiesare also presented

Preparation of GIS landslide inventory for the Polog Region

This paper deals with preparation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) landslide inventoryfor the Polog region. A number of activities were undertaken for this purpose, such as: analysis of own data on landslides, visits of the sites noted in the surveys filled by municipalities, digitizing of landslides from old geological mapsin scale 1:25000, analysis and digitizing of landslides from the archive of the Geological Survey of Macedonia, interviews with employees and retired colleagues from geotechnical companies, analysis of landslides along the channelsof the “Mavrovo” system, visit to the National University in Tetovo and joint site visit, and visits to several geotechnicalcompanies in Macedonia. Since this is the first attempt to create a regional landslide inventory in N. Macedonia, theadopted structure of the inventory is presented in the paper. Moreover, to see what benefits can be gained from theavailability of such inventory some of the most important findings regarding the landslides are presented further. Currently the inventory consists of 136 occurrences, and in time it should be appropriately updated. The main findingsrelated to the distribution and characteristics of the landslides show that future analyses should include preparation oflandslide susceptibility/hazard models both for shallow and deep landslides, as well as for flow-like type of slides. Inthe following stages of investigation, it is planned to analyze a LIDAR (LIght Detection and Ranging) survey that isbeing prepared for the region and incorporate more landslides in the inventory. Also, findings of the InSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) analysis will be combined with the inventory, which will lead to conclusions on themovement rates of detected sites. The latter two approaches will be presented in future papers

ASSESMENT OF ROCKFALL DITCH EFFECTIVENES BY APPLICATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATIONS, AN PROBABILISTIC APPROACH

Different types of geohazards frequently affect road and railway traffic. Among them, in the case of mountainous terrains, the rockfalls are considered to be most usual. They cause economic losses of different magni-tude, in some cases even loss of human life. In order to improve the management of the rockfall hazard and risk, researchers had been developing many different methodologies for assesment and design of effective control, protection and preparedness measures. One of the approaches is to apply a structural measure along the road/railway line in the form of a rockfall catch ditch at the toe of the rock cuts. Experimental field tests and computer simulations by many authors have investigated the effectiveness of these ditches, with main goal being to design ditches that are as effective as possible. The paper presents application of computer simulation technique coupled with probabilistic analysis. The main idea is to test the effectiveness of rockfall catch ditches with different geometries, by simulating rockfall blocks of different geometrical shapes. Beside variation of the ditch and block geometry, also varied are the height and slope angle of the rock cut. Results from the probabilistic simulations show the different degree of ditch effectiveness in the investigated cases. The approach is considered useful for the goals in the design process, with main benefits being the improved management of the rockfall risk and economical rationalization of cuts design

Preliminary regional landslide susceptibility assessment using limited data

In this paper a heuristic approach for preliminary regional landslide susceptibility assessment using limited amount of data is presented. It is called arbitrary polynomial method and takes into account 5 landslide conditioning parameters: lithology, slope inclination, average annual rainfall, land use and maximum expected seismic intensity. According to the method, in the first stage, a gradation is performed for each of the carefully selected conditioning parameters by assigning so called rating points to the grid cells on which the region is divided. Values of the rating points vary from 0 to 3 and depend on the parameter’s character and importance for landslide development within the region of interest. A so called Total Landslide Susceptibility Rating (TLSR) model is obtained by summing the individual rating points of each parameter and dividing the region into five susceptibility zones according to Jenks natural breaks classification. Verification of the TLSR model is then performed by overlaying the landslide inventory map of the selected region over the prepared susceptibility map. The sensitivity of the model can be additionally tested by multiplying the conditioning parameter’s rating points by sensitivity coefficients. In this way, additional landslide susceptibility models are obtained, named Weighted Total Landslide Susceptibility Rating (WTLSR) models. As a practical example of the method, two TLSR models are presented here for the Polog region in Republic of Macedonia, for return periods of maximum expected seismic intensity for 100 and 500 years. With over 74% of mapped landslides falling in zones of high and very high susceptibility, the results are considered satisfactory for regional scale landslide modelling and are comparable with more advanced quantitative methods. Additional WTLSR models were prepared, and their correlation identified the best model. The presented approach is considered to be very convenient for conducting preliminary regional landslide susceptibility assessments with the ability to fine-tune the results. Due to its simplicity, it can be applied to additional landslide conditioning parameters other than the one presented in the paper, depending on the region of interest and available data sources. It is especially practical for use in developing countries, where various organizational, technical and economic constraints prevent application of more advanced data driven methods. Limitations and restrictions of the approach are also discussed

Water for all : Proceedings of the 7th international scientific and professional conference Water for all

The 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all is organized to honour the World Water Day by the Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, European Hygienic Engineering & Design Group (EHEDG), Danube Parks, Croatian Food Agency, Croatian Water, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Department of Chemistry, Nature Park “Kopački rit”, Osijek- Baranja County, Public Health Institute of the Osijek- Baranja County and „Vodovod-Osijek“ -water supply company in Osijek. The topic of World Water Day 2017 was "Wastewater" emphasizing the importance and influence of wastewater treatments on global environment. The international scientific and professional conference Water for all is a gathering of scientists and experts in the field of water management, including chemists, biologists, civil and agriculture engineers, with a goal to remind people about the significance of fresh water and to promote an interdisciplinary approach and sustainability for fresh water resource management. The Conference has been held since 2011. About 300 scientists and engineers submitted 95 abstracts to the 7th International Scientific and Professional Conference Water for all, out of which 33 was presented orally and 62 as posters. 47 full papers were accepted by the Scientific Committee. 38 full papers became the part of the this Proceedings while 9 papers were accepted for publication in Croatian Journal of Food Science and Technology and Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Civil Engineering Osijek - e-GFOS

Motor Abilities At 7 years Old Children

The structure of motor space in children is one of the essential issues in kinesiology, especially from the aspect of PE teaching process and requirements for adaptation of PE contents to children`s individual possibilities. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to determine the structure of motor space of 7 year old children. The research was conducted at a sample of 123 seven year old children, pupils in second grade in four primary schools in Skopje. The study was realized applying 33 motor tests for estimation of nine motor abilities. The structure of motor space was determined using factor analyses. Obtained results suggest on existence of ten latent dimensions named as: preciseness with throwing objects with hand, speed with change of direction or agility, static strength, factor for precise and explosive movements, coordinated fast movements with legs and trunk, repetitive strength, frequency of movement with legs, balance and two undefined factors (F9 and F10). Isolated factor and their manifestation are highly influenced by the development characteristics and changes specific for the researched period of age

Stability Aspects of Excavations in Landslide Zone for a Coal mine “Suvodol” - R.Macedonia

The paper presents some elements of stability aspects and approach used for excavation at the toe of the large landslide which exists on a NE part of coal mine "Suvodol" in R.Macedonia. Its volume is about 30,000,000 m3. Upper of the main scarp, the earth-fill dam with a length of about 1000 meters exists. As a result of mass movements, about 8,000,000 tonnes of coal is blocked at the toe of the landslide. After a longer time of exposition to the air, the crushed coal is partially involved in a process of self-burning. Specific combination of natural and man-made elements that control the stability of the area and specific methodology used for an excavation at the toe of sliding mass is shortly explained. The results from the stability analyses, risks scenarios, some specific comments and recommendations, are summarized in this paper. Some specific comments are also given

Environmental and stability aspects of excavation in landslide zone at a coal mine "Suvodol" - R.Macedonia

On a NE part of coal mine "Suvodol", near town Bitola in R.Macedonia, during longer time, a landslide with enormous length and volume exists. Its occurrence is connected with a process of sliding, which happened in several phases, with initial signs of sliding in 1993. The moment of global instability happened on a 27.10.1995. Till now, several phases of reactivation are known. Its volume is about 30 000 000 m3. As a result of mass movements, about 8 000 000 tones of coal is concentrated (blocked) at the toe of the landslide. Upper of the main scarp, spaced about 250 meters, the earth-fill dam with a length of about 1000 meters exists. The ground water artesian effects are also present. At the toe of the landslide, the coal is partially involved in a process of selfburning and it produces environmental not friendly gases. The stability of the sliding during 2007 was near limit equilibrium. All this aspects shows a very specific combination of natural and manmade elements that control the stability of the environment at this part of coal mine. Having this in mind, the specific approach used in an excavation at the toe of sliding mass, with parallel supporting (always near limit equilibrium) is shown briefly. The results from the stability tests, with some specific comments, are summarized in this paper

Characteristics of Motor Tests for Evaluation of Speed Used at 7 Years Old Children

Changes in motor abilities are one of the criteria for creation of final appraisal for PE as well as criteria for following of individual progress and improvement of every child. Therefore, motor tests with significant metric characteristics are the most objective manner for estimation of the effects from the teaching process. This aim of this paper is to determine the metric characteristics as well as norms for valuation of achievements in three tests used for estimation of speed at 7 years old children. The research was realized at sample of 123 examiners, second grade pupils in in five primary schools in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia. Following three variables for estimation of speed were used: 10 m running from flying start (BT10LS), running 4x10m (BT4х10) and cries - cross running 4х5м (BTZMT). Results obtained in this research indicate to good metric characteristics and are recommended for further use. Best characteristics are obtained for the test cries - cross running 4х5м (BTZMT) which is recommended for use in shorter battery of tests or in limited conditions for measurement