9,024 research outputs found
FDI and Taxation: A Meta-Study
Despite the continuing political interest in the usefulness of tax competition and tax coordination as well as the wealth of theoretical analyses, it still remains open whether or when tax competition is harmful. Moreover, the influence of tax differentials on multinationals’ decisions is still insufficiently analyzed. Thus, economists have increasingly resorted to empirical analysis in order to gain insights on the elasticity of FDI with respect to company taxation. As a result, the empirical literature on taxation and international capital flows has grown to a similar abundance during the last 25 years as the respective theoretical literature. Its heterogeneity leads to a rising need for concise reviews on the existing empirical evidence. In this paper we extend former meta-analyses on FDI and taxation in three ways. First, we add the most recent publications unconsidered in meta-analyses up-to-date. Second, we apply a different methodology by using a broad set of meta-regression estimators and explicitly discuss which one is most suitable for application to our meta-data. Third, we address some important issues in research on FDI and taxation to the clarification of which meta-analysis can make valuable contributions. These issues are mainly: The influence of variables which might moderate effects of tax differentials (e.g. public spending), the implications of using aggregate FDI data as opposed to firm-level information on measured tax effects, the implications of bilateral effective tax rates, and the possible presence of publication bias in primary research.corporate income taxation, foreign direct investment, meta analysis
FDI and Taxation: A Meta-Study
Despite the continuing political interest in the usefulness of tax competition and tax coordination as well as the wealth of theoretical analyses, it still remains open whether or when tax competition is harmful. Moreover, the influence of tax differentials on multinationals' decisions is still insufficiently analyzed. Thus, economists have increasingly resorted to empirical analysis in order to gain insights on the elasticity of FDI with respect to company taxation. As a result, the empirical literature on taxation and international capital flows has grown to a similar abundance during the last 25 years as the respective theoretical literature. Its heterogeneity leads to a rising need for concise reviews on the existing empirical evidence. In this paper we extend former meta-analyses on FDI and taxation in three ways. First, we add the most recent publications unconsidered in meta-analyses up-to-date. Second, we apply a different methodology by using a broad set of meta-regression estimators and explicitly discuss which one is most suitable for application to our meta-data. Third, we address some important issues in research on FDI and taxation to the clarification of which meta-analysis can make valuable contributions. These issues are mainly: The influence of variables which might moderate effects of tax differentials (e.g. public spending), the implications of using aggregate FDI data as opposed to firm-level information on measured tax effects, the implications of bilateral effective tax rates, and the possible presence of publication bias in primary research. --Corporate Income Taxation,Foreign Direct Investment,Meta Analysis
Capital Structure Choice and Company Taxation: A Meta-Study
This paper provides a quantitative review of the empirical literature on the tax impact on corporate debt financing. Synthesizing the evidence from 46 previous studies, we find that this impact is substantial. In particular, the tax rate proxy determines the outcome of primary analyses. Measures like the simulated marginal tax rate (Graham (1996a)) avoid a downward bias in estimates for the debt response to tax. Moreover, debt characteristics, econometric specifications, and the set of control-variables affect tax effects. Accounting for misspecification biases by means of meta-regressions, we predict a marginal tax effect on the debt ratio of 0.3.capital structure, corporate income tax, meta-analysis
Capital structure choice and company taxation: A meta-study
This paper provides a quantitative review of the empirical literature on the tax impact on corporate debt financing. Synthesizing the evidence from 46 previous studies, we find that this impact is substantial. In particular, the tax rate proxy determines the outcome of primary analyses. Measures like the simulated marginal tax rate (Graham (1996a)) avoid a downward bias in estimates for the debt response to tax. Moreover, debt characteristics, econometric specifications, and the set of control-variables affect tax effects. Accounting for misspecification biases by means of meta-regressions, we predict a marginal tax effect on the debt ratio of 0.3. --capital structure,corporate income tax,meta-analysis
Comparative analysis of two discretizations of Ricci curvature for complex networks
We have performed an empirical comparison of two distinct notions of discrete
Ricci curvature for graphs or networks, namely, the Forman-Ricci curvature and
Ollivier-Ricci curvature. Importantly, these two discretizations of the Ricci
curvature were developed based on different properties of the classical smooth
notion, and thus, the two notions shed light on different aspects of network
structure and behavior. Nevertheless, our extensive computational analysis in a
wide range of both model and real-world networks shows that the two
discretizations of Ricci curvature are highly correlated in many networks.
Moreover, we show that if one considers the augmented Forman-Ricci curvature
which also accounts for the two-dimensional simplicial complexes arising in
graphs, the observed correlation between the two discretizations is even
higher, especially, in real networks. Besides the potential theoretical
implications of these observations, the close relationship between the two
discretizations has practical implications whereby Forman-Ricci curvature can
be employed in place of Ollivier-Ricci curvature for faster computation in
larger real-world networks whenever coarse analysis suffices.Comment: Published version. New results added in this version. Supplementary
tables can be freely downloaded from the publisher websit
CPT Violation Implies Violation of Lorentz Invariance
An interacting theory that violates CPT invariance necessarily violates
Lorentz invariance. On the other hand, CPT invariance is not sufficient for
out-of-cone Lorentz invariance. Theories that violate CPT by having different
particle and antiparticle masses must be nonlocal.Comment: Minor changes in the published versio
Complete methods set for scalable ion trap quantum information processing
Large-scale quantum information processors must be able to transport and
maintain quantum information, and repeatedly perform logical operations. Here
we demonstrate a combination of all the fundamental elements required to
perform scalable quantum computing using qubits stored in the internal states
of trapped atomic ions. We quantify the repeatability of a multi-qubit
operation, observing no loss of performance despite qubit transport over
macroscopic distances. Key to these results is the use of different pairs of
beryllium ion hyperfine states for robust qubit storage, readout and gates, and
simultaneous trapping of magnesium re-cooling ions along with the qubit ions.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. Accepted to Science, and thus subject to a press
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