MAP3D: An explorative approach for automatic mapping of real-world eye-tracking data on a virtual 3D model

Mobile eye tracking helps to investigate real-world settings, in which participants can move freely. This enhances the studies’ ecological validity but poses challenges for the analysis. Often, the 3D stimulus is reduced to a 2D image (reference view) and the fixations are manually mapped to this 2D image. This leads to a loss of information about the three-dimensionality of the stimulus. Using several reference images, from different perspectives, poses new problems, in particular concerning the mapping of fixations in the transition areas between two reference views. A newly developed approach (MAP3D) is presented that enables generating a 3D model and automatic mapping of fixations to this virtual 3D model of the stimulus. This avoids problems with the reduction to a 2D reference image and with transitions between images. The x, y and z coordinates of the fixations are available as a point cloud and as .csv output. First exploratory application and evaluation tests are promising: MAP3D offers innovative ways of post-hoc mapping fixation data on 3D stimuli with open-source software and thus provides cost-efficient new avenues for research

Investigating visual expertise in sculpture: A methodological approach using eye tracking

Research on visual expertise has progressed significantly due to the availability of eye tracking tools. However, attempts to bring together research on expertise and eye tracking methodology provoke several challenges, because visual information processes should be studied in authentic and domain-specific environments. Among the barriers to designing appropriate research are the proper definition of levels of expertise, the tension between internal (experimental control) and external (authentic environments) validity, and the appropriate methodology to study eye movements in a three-dimensional environment. This exploratory study aims to address these challenges and to provide an adequate research setting by investigating visual expertise in sculpting. Eye movements and gaze patterns of 20 participants were investigated while looking at two sculptures in a museum. The participants were assigned to four different groups based on their level of expertise (laypersons, novices, semi-experts, experts). Using mobile eye tracking, the following parameters were measured: number of fixations, duration of fixation, dwell time in relevant areas, and revisits in relevant areas. Moreover, scan paths were analysed using the eyenalysis approach. Conclusions are drawn on both the nature of visual expertise in sculpting and the potential (and limitations) of empirical designs that aim to investigate expertise in authentic environments

Zelfregulatie in het beroepsonderwijs: Een kans voor succes

Jossberger, H., Brand-Gruwel, S., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Van de Wiel, M. (2010, June). Zelfregulatie in het beroepsonderwijs: Een kans voor succes [Self-direction in vocational education: A chance for succes]. Paper presentation at Onderwijs Research Dagen [Educational Research Days], Enschede, The Netherlands.Het doel van deze studie is het ontrafelen van generieke vaardigheden van zelfgestuurd en zelfregulerend leren en het onderzoeken van microprocessen met betrekking tot planning, monitoren en evalueren in WPS. Achttien eerstejaars mbo leerlingen van de Landbouw, Techniek en Zorg sector namen deel. De data uit de observaties alsook de informatie verkregen in de interviews laat zien dat leerlingen zelfregulatie vaardigheden toepassen bij het uitvoeren van taken in de praktijk. De interactie van leerlingen met peers en de leraar stond centraal in de presentatie.NWO project 411-05-20

The quest for self-regulation: A design-based approach with vocational teachers

Jossberger, H., Brand-Gruwel, S., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Van de Wiel, M. (2010, August). The quest for self-regulation: A design-based approach with vocational teachers. Poster presentation at the EARLI Learning and Professional Development SIG Conference, Munich, Germany.In this design-based research study, we join in with vocational teachers and investigate how we can diminish obstacles and optimise students’ self-regulated learning and motivation in pre-vocational secondary education by better understanding the connection between teaching and learning in workplace simulations. The design of authentic and challenging learning tasks that provide students with a clear goal, visible assessment and performance criteria is suggested to be an important starting point. Moreover, direct feedback from the teacher on task level, process level, self-regulated learning level, and self level can reduce the discrepancy between current understanding and performance and promote self-regulated learning and motivation. Method triangulation is used for gathering data, including observations, logbooks of teachers, and questionnaires for students. This research is still in progress, but the set up promises a practice oriented approach, in which teachers are actively involved.NWO project number 411-05-20

MAP3D: An explorative approach for automatic mapping of real-world eye-tracking data on a virtual 3D model

Mobile eye tracking helps to investigate real-world settings, in which participants can move freely. This enhances the studies’ ecological validity but poses challenges for the analysis. Often, the 3D stimulus is reduced to a 2D image (reference view) and the fixations are manually mapped to this 2D image. This leads to a loss of information about the three-dimensionality of the stimulus. Using several reference images, from different perspectives, poses new problems, in particular concerning the mapping of fixations in the transition areas between two reference views. A newly developed approach (MAP3D) is presented that enables generating a 3D model and automatic mapping of fixations to this virtual 3D model of the stimulus. This avoids problems with the reduction to a 2D reference image and with transitions between images. The x, y and z coordinates of the fixations are available as a point cloud and as .csv output. First exploratory application and evaluation tests are promising: MAP3D offers innovative ways of post-hoc mapping fixation data on 3D stimuli with open-source software and thus provides cost-efficient new avenues for research

Monitoring: A Strategy to Detect Imminent Mistakes

Jossberger, H., Brand-Gruwel, S., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Van de Wiel, M. (2010, August). Monitoring: A strategy to detect imminent mistakes. In D. Sembill (Chair), Human Fallibility: The Ambiguity of Errors for Work and Learning. Symposium conducted at the EARLI Learning and Professional Development SIG Conference, Munich, Germany.The aim of this empirical study was to unravel generic self-regulated learning behaviours and to seek to investigate micro processes of planning, monitoring, and evaluating in workplace simulations. Eighteen students from upper secondary vocational education participated. Students were observed during a practical lesson and interviewed afterward to gain detailed insights into their behaviours, thoughts, and (inter)actions. Information was collected on the way they executed a task, how they dealt with problems and mistakes and why they interacted with peers or the teacher. Students self-regulated during task execution. Monitoring appeared to be an activity that was regularly executed by keeping a close eye on the product students were working on. Teachers were consulted when students had doubts and needed confirmation or when they wanted more information. They consulted their peers when they wanted to get a faster answer and thought that this peer had enough knowledge to help them out.NWO project number 411-05-20

Professional Development in Visual Arts

In the domain of visual arts, professional artists usually graduate from academies and universities. For professional development, art students must practise domain-specific activities. Support from lecturers and exchanges with fellow students also help advance accomplishments. Amateurs without academic or vocational artistic education can acquire their skills autodidactically or attend courses such as those at an adult-education centre. Empirical research in the domain of visual arts remains scarce; therefore, the present study’s objective was to analyse which kinds of domain-specific practice activities and social interactions artists, intermediates and amateurs rate as relevant to their artistic development in visual arts. The Professional Development in Arts Questionnaire (PDA-Q), including closed and open questions, was developed to examine artists’ activities and interactions. In this study, 81 experts, 58 intermediates and 31 amateurs participated. Experts and intermediates perceived domain-specific practice activities working on artworks and reflecting as the most important in their professional development. Experts and intermediates also rated these two activities as the most demanding. Amateurs rated these activities as less relevant and demanding. Experts and intermediates most often received feedback from lecturers and fellow students, while amateurs most often received feedback from friends and family. Experts and intermediates cited lecturers as being the most helpful sources of feedback, while amateurs cited family.</p

Samen in Zee met Zelfregulatie: Een Design-Based Aanpak met Vmbo Leraren

Jossberger, H., Brand-Gruwel, S., Boshuizen, H. P. A., & Van der Wiel, M. (2010, June). Samen in Zee met Zelfregulatie: Een Design-Based Aanpak met Vmbo Leraren. Poster presented at the 37th Onderwijs Research Dagen (ORD), Enschede, Nederland.In dit onderzoek gaan we met een ontwerpgerichte aanpak samen in zee met docenten om vanuit de theorie te kijken hoe zelfregulatie bij leerlingen in het vmbo geoptimaliseerd kan worden door onderwijzen en leren beter op elkaar af te stemmen. Daarbij speelt de docent een belangrijke rol.NWO project 411-05-20

Exploring deliberate practice in medicine: how do physicians learn in the workplace?

Medical professionals need to keep on learning as part of their everyday work to deliver high-quality health care. Although the importance of physicians’ learning is widely recognized, few studies have investigated how they learn in the workplace. Based on insights from deliberate practice research, this study examined the activities physicians engage in during their work that might further their professional development. As deliberate practice requires a focused effort to improve performance, the study also examined the goals underlying this behaviour. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 50 internal medicine physicians: 19 residents, 18 internists working at a university hospital, and 13 working at a non-university hospital. The results showed that learning in medical practice was very much embedded in clinical work. Most relevant learning activities were directly related to patient care rather than motivated by competence improvement goals. Advice and feedback were sought when necessary to provide this care. Performance standards were tied to patients’ conditions. The patients encountered and the discussions with colleagues about patients were valued most for professional development, while teaching and updating activities were also valued in this respect. In conclusion, physicians’ learning is largely guided by practical experience rather than deliberately sought. When professionals interact in diagnosing and treating patients to achieve high-quality care, their experiences contribute to expertise development. However, much could be gained from managing learning opportunities more explicitly. We offer suggestions for increasing the focus on learning in medical practice and further research