A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences on Delay of Gratification and Temporal Discounting Tasks in ADHD and Typically Developing Populations

Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) tend to prefer smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards compared to Typically Developing (TD) individuals. Currently it is unknown if males and females with ADHD differ in their preferences for delayed rewards, although females and males with ADHD appear to manifest differences in symptoms as well as in other cognitive and emotional domains. We used meta-analytic methods to examine gender differences on delay of gratification and temporal discounting tasks in both TD and ADHD samples. There were no differences between TD males and TD females, but males with ADHD were more likely to choose the larger delayed rewards than females with ADHD. These findings indicate a dissimilar pattern of gender differences for those with ADHD compared with TD samples. Implications of our findings are also discussed

Estimations of Competence in Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Review

Estimations of competence paradigms offer methods to help us measure how well we track our performance. Bridging across the clinical research and metacognitive research traditions, we identified the Positive Illusory Bias (PIB), metamemory and meta-reasoning paradigms for assessing estimation of competence in neurodevelopmental conditions. Overall, studies from PIB paradigms suggest that individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, Intellectual Disability and Learning Disability tend to display a positive bias in their performance relative to other informants. In metamemory paradigms, individuals with these neurodevelopmental conditions tend to show more discrepancy between their subjective judgments and their memory performance relative to comparison controls, but these findings have been less consistent than for PIB. Meta-reasoning has been less well-studied across neurodevelopmental conditions. In order to advance our understanding of whether estimation of competence is a significant domain for understanding neurodevelopmental conditions, consideration must be given to conceptual models for each neurodevelopmental condition, methodological issues (paradigm selection and interpretation of self-report and subjective judgment) and developmental considerations

Estimations of Competence in Neurodevelopmental Conditions: A Review

Estimations of competence paradigms offer methods to help us measure how well we track our performance. Bridging across the clinical research and metacognitive research traditions, we identified the Positive Illusory Bias (PIB), metamemory and meta-reasoning paradigms for assessing estimation of competence in neurodevelopmental conditions. Overall, studies from PIB paradigms suggest that individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism, Intellectual Disability and Learning Disability tend to display a positive bias in their performance relative to other informants. In metamemory paradigms, individuals with these neurodevelopmental conditions tend to show more discrepancy between their subjective judgments and their memory performance relative to comparison controls, but these findings have been less consistent than for PIB. Meta-reasoning has been less well-studied across neurodevelopmental conditions. In order to advance our understanding of whether estimation of competence is a significant domain for understanding neurodevelopmental conditions, consideration must be given to conceptual models for each neurodevelopmental condition, methodological issues (paradigm selection and interpretation of self-report and subjective judgment) and developmental considerations

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study and Nanomanipulation of Graphene-Coated Water on Mica

We study interfacial water trapped between a sheet of graphene and a muscovite (mica) surface using Raman spectroscopy and ultra-high vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) at room temperature. We are able to image the graphene-water interface with atomic resolution, revealing a layered network of water trapped underneath the graphene. We identify water layer numbers with a carbon nanotube height reference. Under normal scanning conditions, the water structures remain stable. However, at greater electron energies, we are able to locally manipulate the water using the STM tip.Comment: In press, 5 figures, supplementary information at Nano Letters websit

Technology Behaviours and Attitudes in Youth: Correlates with Cognitive and Real-World Behaviours

Technology use, which has become ubiquitous in the lives of adolescents, has both positive and negative aspects. In the judgment and decision-making literature, the Cognitive Reflection Test is a measure of the tendency to override an incorrect response and to engage in further reflection that leads to the correct response (Toplak et al., 2014a). Navigating optimal technology use often requires resisting miserly tendencies, as measured by the Cognitive Reflection Test. The purpose of the current project was to examine technology behaviours and attitudes that are either adaptive or maladaptive through the lens of judgment and decision-making and cognitive reflection in a set of two studies with community samples of adolescents. The associations between these technology behaviours and cognitive reflection, cognitive ability, and real-life outcomes of antisocial behaviours and academic achievement were examined. Study 1 (in-person sample) served as a pilot study, demonstrating that several technology behaviours were measurable in adolescents and were significantly correlated with antisocial behaviours and academic achievement. The purpose of Study 2 (online sample) involved creating several additional items of technology behaviours and attitudes, and used exploratory factor analyses (EFA) to understand the associations among these behaviours and attitudes, and examined gender differences among these behaviours and attitudes. Both cognitive reflection and cognitive ability had small to moderate positive correlations with several technology behaviour factors. Cognitive ability significantly predicted some of the maladaptive technology behaviour factors. While cognitive reflection significantly predicted the adaptive technology attitude factor related to practical managing of technology use, suggesting a potentially important relationship between these attitudes and cognitive reflection. Furthermore, several technology factors significantly predicted antisocial behaviours and academic achievement. The results are further discussed along with implications and future directions for studying technology use by adolescents

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study and Nanomanipulation of Graphene-Coated Water on Mica

We study interfacial water trapped between a sheet of graphene and a muscovite (mica) surface using Raman spectroscopy and ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (UHV-STM) at room temperature. We are able to image the graphene–water interface with atomic resolution, revealing a layered network of water trapped underneath the graphene. We identify water layer numbers with a carbon nanotube height reference. Under normal scanning conditions, the water structures remain stable. However, at greater electron energies, we are able to locally manipulate the water using the STM tip