Blood Cu/Zn Ratio in Children of School Age, Living in Malaria Endemic Area in Abidjan (Côte D'ivoire)

Background: Food intake contains various nutrients which the loss or destruction are exogenous factors of oxidative damages in our body, aggravated by infectious diseases. Blood ratio Cu/Zn is an indicator about the pool of defenses anti oxidizing to measure damage oxidative. The present study aimed to investigate the blood ratio Cu/Zn an indicator of pool of oxidative stress and eating risk factors in children school age, living in malaria endemic area. Methods: A total of 113 participants, aged 5-14 years with a mean age about 9.5 ±2 were submitted to the study. Malaria diagnosis was based on clinical grounds as the feverish condition (axillary temperature ≥ 37°C) and confirmed by laboratory test. A survey was conducted to screen children eating habits, and conjointly blood ratio Cu/Zn analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: We have noted a high value of the Cu/Zn ratio in malarial children, as compared to controls (p < 0.001). This ratio in both groups was highest compared to the normal values (< 1), and showed an acute value in course of parasitemia. Elsewhere, it was identified eating risk factors in all children. Conclusion: Children of school age in high endemic zone of malaria in Côte d’Ivoire are exposed to the damage of stress oxidative. Thus, eating habits and their interaction with the parasite growth should be analyzed, to correct the states of stress by monitoring down the ratio copper/zinc

Impact of Dietary Diversification on the Prognostic Inflammatory and Nutritional Index in School-Age Children in the Nawa Region (Côte d’Ivoire)

The objective of this work was to study the impact of food diversification based on sweet potato, soybean, and cowpea on the prognostic inflammatory and nutritional index (PINI) in school-aged children in the Nawa region. This study took place from October 2017 to May 2018 among 240 pupils aged 6 to 12, divided into four groups of 60. Four types of meals were proposed: rice with tomato soup and fish (group 1), sweet potato porridge enriched with green soybeans (group 2), sweet potato porridge enriched with white cowpea (group 3), or sweet potato porridge accompanied by white cowpea with green soybeans (group 4). There were three blood samples: before eating meals (phase 0), the end of the first trimester (phase 1), and the end of the second trimester (phase 2). Blood assay for C-reactive protein (CRP), orosomucoid, albumin, and prealbumin was performed using COBAS c311 analyzer. PINI was calculated. Groups 3 and 4 showed a slight increase in albumin values (42.24 ± 0.95 g/L and 41.51 ± 1.71 g/L, respectively) compared to group 1. CRP decreased from phase 1 for group 1 (2.06 ± 0.26 mg/L) and group 4 (2.38 ± 0.36 mg/L). Orosomucoid increased insignificantly (p > 0.05) in group 3 (0.74 ± 0.04 g/L) and group 4 (0.71 ± 0.04 g/L). PINI was reduced by 0.37 (group 1), 0.36 (group 2), 0.46 (group 3) and 0.44 (group 4). Food diversification based on sweet potato and white cowpea has a positive impact on PINI in more than 80% of pupils

Etude Anatomo-Hystopathologique du Tractus Digestif des Poulets Bicyclettes Infectés par la Maladie de Newcastle dans les Fermes en Côte d’Ivoire

Dans le monde, plusieurs études ont été consacrées aux maladies des volailles. Cependant, peu se sont intéressées aux poulets typiquement africains de façon générale et en particulier ceux de la Côte d’Ivoire. Le présent travail a porté sur les poulets bicyclettes des fermes ivoiriennes. L’objectif était d’étudier l’incidence de la maladie de Newcastle sur le tractus digestif des poulets locaux en utilisant des techniques anatomo-histopathologiques. L’étude a concerné les poulets bicyclettes, malades, moribonds et/ou morts suite à une infection de façon naturelle par le virus de la maladie de Newcastle (MN). Les lésions provoquées par le virus de la MN au niveau des organes du tractus digestif des poulets ont été mises en évidence à l’œil nu et au microscope électronique après traitements histologiques.  L’examen des organes a montré que le tractus digestif des poulets était congestionné avec un intestin hypertrophié. Aussi des modifications dégénératives sévères caractérisées par des nécroses, une desquamation et infiltration ont été mises évidence dans la paroi intestinale des poulets. Lors de l’apparition de la maladie de Newcastle dans une ferme, l’on peut observer des lésions majeures et des plages ou foyers virales généralisés peuvent être observées chez toutes les volailles malades et/ou mortes en particulier au niveau des organes du tractus digestif. Ces modifications observées pourraient confirmer les lésions anatomopathologiques visibles dues au virus de la maladie Newcastle sur le tractus digestif des poulets bicyclettes des fermes ivoiriennes.   Throughout the world, a number of studies have been devoted to poultry diseases. However, few have focused on typically African chickens in general, and those from Côte d'Ivoire in particular. The present study focused on bicycle chickens on farms in Côte d'Ivoire. The aim was to study the incidence of Newcastle disease in the digestive tract of local chickens using anatomo-histopathological techniques. The study involved bicycling, sick, moribund and/or dead chickens following natural infection with Newcastle disease (ND) virus. The lesions caused by the ND virus in the organs of the chickens' digestive tract were revealed by the naked eye and by electron microscopy after histological treatment. Examination of the organs showed that the chickens' digestive tract was congested, with an enlarged intestine. Severe degenerative changes characterised by necrosis, desquamation and infiltration were also evident in the chickens' intestinal wall. When Newcastle disease occurs on a farm, major lesions and generalised viral patches or foci may be observed in all sick and/or dead poultry, particularly in the organs of the digestive tract. These observed changes could confirm the visible anatomopathological lesions caused by the Newcastle disease virus in the digestive tract of bicycle chickens on Ivorian farms

Etude Anatomopathologique et Histopathologique du Tractus Digestif des Poulets Bicyclettes Infectés par la Maladie de Newcastle dans les Fermes en Côte d’Ivoire

Dans le monde, plusieurs études ont été consacrée aux poulets. Cependant selon la littérature les études menées sur les poulets typiquement africains de façon générale et en particulier les poulets africains de la Côte d’Ivoire restent insuffisants. Les présents travaux se rapportent aux poulets bicyclettes des fermes en côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude a eu pour but de pallier l’insuffisance de données sur cette espèce par la lutte contre la maladie de Newcastle (MN), en étudiant son incidence sur le tractus digestif des poulets bicyclettes de fermes en Côte d’Ivoire par les techniques histologiques. L’étude concerne l'anatomopathologie et l'histopathologie du tractus digestif de ces poulets infectés par la maladie de Newcastle dans les fermes ivoiriennes. De par l’observation à l’œil nu, les lésions provoquées par le virus de la MN au niveau des organes du tractus digestif des poulets bicyclettes des fermes ivoiriennes ont été mise en évidence. Par ailleurs suite aux traitements histologiques suivi d’une observation microscopique, l’étude de l’état structurel des différents segments suite à une infection dû au virus de la MN de façon naturelle a été réalisée. Suite aux observations macroscopiques et microscopique, le tractus digestif était congestionné avec des intestins hypertrophiés. La paroi intestinale mettait en évidence de façon générale des modifications dégénératives sévères caractérisées par des nécroses, une desquamation et infiltration. Le traitement histologique et l'observation microscopique des différents segments du tractus digestif a mis en évidence des modifications structurelles caractérisées par des infiltrations vasculaires, une desquamation générale et des ulcérations focale. Ces modifications observées ont confirmé les lésions anatomopathologie visibles.   Throughout the world, several studies have been devoted to chickens. However, according to the literature, the studies carried out on typically African chickens in general and African chickens from Ivory Coast in particular remain insufficient. The present work relates to bicycle chickens on farms in Ivory Coast. The aim of this study was to make up for the lack of data on this species through the control of Newcastle disease (ND), by studying its impact on the digestive tract of farm bicycle chickens in Ivory Coast using histological techniques. The study concerns the anatomopathology and histopathology of the digestive tract of these chickens infected with Newcastle disease on farms in Ivory Coast. By observation with the naked eye, the lesions caused by the ND virus in the organs of the digestive tract of bicycle chickens from Ivorian farms were highlighted. Furthermore, following histological treatments followed by microscopic observation, the structural state of the various segments following infection with the ND virus in a natural way was studied. Following macroscopic and microscopic observations, the digestive tract was congested with enlarged intestines. The intestinal wall generally showed severe degenerative changes characterised by necrosis, desquamation and infiltration. Histological treatment and microscopic observation of the various segments of the digestive tract revealed structural changes characterised by vascular infiltration, general desquamation and focal ulceration. These changes confirmed the anatomopathologically visible lesions

Etude Anatomopathologique et Histopathologique du Tractus Digestif des Poulets Bicyclettes Infectés par la Maladie de Newcastle dans les Fermes en Côte d’Ivoire

Dans le monde, plusieurs études ont été consacrée aux poulets. Cependant selon la littérature les études menées sur les poulets typiquement africains de façon générale et en particulier les poulets africains de la Côte d’Ivoire restent insuffisants. Les présents travaux se rapportent aux poulets bicyclettes des fermes en côte d’Ivoire. Cette étude a eu pour but de pallier l’insuffisance de données sur cette espèce par la lutte contre la maladie de Newcastle (MN), en étudiant son incidence sur le tractus digestif des poulets bicyclettes de fermes en Côte d’Ivoire par les techniques histologiques. L’étude concerne l'anatomopathologie et l'histopathologie du tractus digestif de ces poulets infectés par la maladie de Newcastle dans les fermes ivoiriennes. De par l’observation à l’œil nu, les lésions provoquées par le virus de la MN au niveau des organes du tractus digestif des poulets bicyclettes des fermes ivoiriennes ont été mise en évidence. Par ailleurs suite aux traitements histologiques suivi d’une observation microscopique, l’étude de l’état structurel des différents segments suite à une infection dû au virus de la MN de façon naturelle a été réalisée. Suite aux observations macroscopiques et microscopique, le tractus digestif était congestionné avec des intestins hypertrophiés. La paroi intestinale mettait en évidence de façon générale des modifications dégénératives sévères caractérisées par des nécroses, une desquamation et infiltration. Le traitement histologique et l'observation microscopique des différents segments du tractus digestif a mis en évidence des modifications structurelles caractérisées par des infiltrations vasculaires, une desquamation générale et des ulcérations focale. Ces modifications observées ont confirmé les lésions anatomopathologie visibles.   Throughout the world, several studies have been devoted to chickens. However, according to the literature, the studies carried out on typically African chickens in general and African chickens from Ivory Coast in particular remain insufficient. The present work relates to bicycle chickens on farms in Ivory Coast. The aim of this study was to make up for the lack of data on this species through the control of Newcastle disease (ND), by studying its impact on the digestive tract of farm bicycle chickens in Ivory Coast using histological techniques. The study concerns the anatomopathology and histopathology of the digestive tract of these chickens infected with Newcastle disease on farms in Ivory Coast. By observation with the naked eye, the lesions caused by the ND virus in the organs of the digestive tract of bicycle chickens from Ivorian farms were highlighted. Furthermore, following histological treatments followed by microscopic observation, the structural state of the various segments following infection with the ND virus in a natural way was studied. Following macroscopic and microscopic observations, the digestive tract was congested with enlarged intestines. The intestinal wall generally showed severe degenerative changes characterised by necrosis, desquamation and infiltration. Histological treatment and microscopic observation of the various segments of the digestive tract revealed structural changes characterised by vascular infiltration, general desquamation and focal ulceration. These changes confirmed the anatomopathologically visible lesions

Évaluation de l’activité antibactérienne des extraits de feuilles de Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) sur la croissance in vitro de 3 souches d’entérobactéries

Objectif: Établir des bases scientifiques de l’action antibactérienne de Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae), une plante médicinale utilisée en médecine traditionnelle contre les infections bactériennes.Méthodologie et Résultats: Les extraits issus de cette plante ont été testés sur la croissance in vitro des souches de E. coli, de K. pneumoniae et de Salmonella sp en milieu liquide et solide de Mueller-Hinton. Les résultats ont révélé que ces extraits ont une activité antibactérienne dose-dépendante sur ces souches bactériennes utilisées. Cependant, l’extrait acétonique 100% a un meilleur potentiel antibactérien sur la souche de E. coli (CMI = 6,25 mg/mL et CMB = 1,563 mg/mL) que sur c el l e d e Salmonella sp (CMI = 3,125 mg/mL et CMB = 6,25 mg/mL) et de K. pneumoniae (CMI = 6,25 mg/mL et CMB = 12,5 mg/mL).Conclusion et application des résultats: Cet extrait peut être utilisé pour la mise au point de phytomédicaments contre les gastroentérites à E. coli et à Salmonella sp.Mots clés: Antibactérienne, extraits, Solanum torvum, in vitro, gastroentéritesEnglish AbstractObjective: Establish scientific bases of the antibacterial action of Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae), a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine against the bacterial infections.Methodology and Results: The extracts resulting from this plant were tested on in vitro growth of the stocks of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and Salmonella sp in Mueller-Hinton broth and Mueller-Hinton naehrboden agar. The results have revealed that these extracts have dose-dependent action against bacteria targeted. However, the 100% acetonic extract has a better antibacterial potential on the stock of E. coli (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL and MBC = 1.563 mg/mL) than on Salmonella sp (MIC = 3.125 mg/mL and MBC = 6.25 mg/mL) and of K. pneumoniae (MIC = 6.25 mg/mL and MBC = 12.5 mg/mL).Conclusion and application of the results: This extract can be used to formulate a drug against the gastroenteritis with E. coli and Salmonella sp.Keywords: Antibacterial, extracts, Solanum torvum, in vitro, gastroenteriti

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Contents of the Leaves of Olax subscorpioidea and Distemonanthus benthamianus

ABSTRACT Plants are sources of natural antioxidants and some of their compounds have significant antioxidant properties and health benefits. Olaxsubscorpioidea and Distemonanthusbenthamianus are used in folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant potential and the phenolic contents of the aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts of the leaves of these plants. The antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of the aqueous and 70 %ethanolic extracts of the leaves of O.subscorpioidea and D.benthamianus were evaluated using Spectrophotometric methods for the determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, flavonols and proanthocyanidins. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, anti-lipid peroxidation, reducing power and ferrous chelating ability methods. The ethanolicextracts had the highest antioxidant activitiesand phenolic compoundslevels.D.benthamianusexhibited strong DPPH scavenging activity (IC 50 =10.87 ± 0.18),lipid peroxidation inhibition assay (IC 50 =0.97 ± 0.01 mg/mL),ferrous chelating assay (IC 50 =0.94 ± 0.02 mg/mL) added to its higher reducing power andphenolic contents (102.8±0.57 mg/g extract). Theantioxidant propertiesof these plants may explain their therapeutic activities. Our following work will explore the pharmacological potential of D. benthamianusethanolic extract

Enquête ethnopharmacologique des plantes antipaludiques dans le département d’Agboville, sudest de la Cote d’Ivoire

Objectif: Cette étude descriptive a été réalisée dans le but de répertorier les plantes médicinales utilisées traditionnellement contre le paludisme par les tradipraticiens dans le département d’Agboville.Méthodologie et résultats: Les investigations réalisées dans ce département, nous ont permis d’inventorier 57 espèces de plantes médicinales antipaludiques. Les organes utilisés comme drogues sont les feuilles (49,3%), les écorces de tige (40,0%), les racines (9,3%) et les rameaux feuillés (1,3%). Pour faciliter l’administration de la drogue, plusieurs techniques de préparation sont employées à savoir : la décoction (55,1%), le pétrissage (24,7%), la macération (15,7%), l’infusion (3,4%) et l’expression (1,1%). Les modes d’administrations des médicaments sont : la boisson (35,5%), le lavement (20,6%), le bain (14,9%), l’instillation oculaire (9,9%), l’instillation nasale (8,5%), le massage (5,7%) et la fumigation (5,0%).Conclusion et application des résultats: Cette étude descriptive a permis de répertorier les plantes médicinales utilisées traditionnellement contre le paludisme par les tradipraticiens le département d’Agboville. Les résultats de cette enquête offrent une contribution à la valorisation des ressources de la médecine traditionnelle de la région d’Agboville. Cette étude est réalisée dans la perspective des expériences phytochimique, pharmacologique et toxicologique et de mise en oeuvre des initiatives innovantes pouvant déboucher dans l'avenir sur la fabrication des médicaments traditionnels améliorés (MTA).Mots clés: Agboville, Antipaludique, Ethnopharmacologie, PaludismeEnglish AbstractObjective: This descriptive study was conducted in order to identify medicinal plants traditionally used against malaria by traditional practitioners in the department of Agboville.Methods and Results: The investigations carried out in Agboville department, we were able to inventory 57 species of antimalarial medicinal plants. The plant parts used as drug were leaves (49.3%), the stem bark (40.0%), roots (9.3%) and leafy branches (1.3%). To facilitate the administration of the drug, several  preparation techniques are employed including : the decoction (55.1%), kneading (24.7%), maceration (15.7%), infusion (3, 4%) and the expression (1.1%). The modes of administration of drug : drinking (35.5%), enema (20.6%), bathing (14.9%), ocular instillation (9.9%), instillation nasal (8.5%), massage (5.7%) and fumigation (5.0%).Conclusion and application of Results: This descriptive study to identify medicinal plants traditionally used against malaria by traditional practitioners the department of Agboville. The results of this survey offer a contribution to the development of resources of traditional medicine in the region of Agboville. This study was conducted in view of the experiences phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological and implementation of innovative initiatives that can lead in the future on the manufacture of improved traditional medicines (MTA).Keywords: Agboville, Antimalarial, Ethnopharmacology, Malari

Analysis of the Use of Phytosanitery Producsts in Vegetable Crops in the District of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivore

The development of vegetable crops contributes to the food security of populations while reducing the problems of unemployment. However, these crops are subject to many pests that cause quantitative and qualitative damage to crops. To improve their yield, most market gardeners resort to the use of phytosanitary products. In order to take stock of the use of these products in the fight against pathogens of vegetable crops in the district of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a survey was carried out from January to February 2018 among 33 producers in the communes of Cocody and Port-Bouët. Twenty-seven pesticide trade names divided into 8 different families were identified. The majority of pesticides used were insecticides (53%) followed by fungicides (25%). Seventy-five percent (75%) of market gardeners were aware of the risk of pesticide toxicity, however 53% of market gardeners did not use any means of protection during pesticide spraying. These bad practices jeopardize their health, that of consumers and the environment. It is therefore important to train and educate market gardeners on phytosanitary products and to provide them with adequate protective equipment

Analysis of the Use of Phytosanitery Producsts in Vegetable Crops in the District of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivore

The development of vegetable crops contributes to the food security of populations while reducing the problems of unemployment. However, these crops are subject to many pests that cause quantitative and qualitative damage to crops. To improve their yield, most market gardeners resort to the use of phytosanitary products. In order to take stock of the use of these products in the fight against pathogens of vegetable crops in the district of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, a survey was carried out from January to February 2018 among 33 producers in the communes of Cocody and Port-Bouët. Twenty-seven pesticide trade names divided into 8 different families were identified. The majority of pesticides used were insecticides (53%) followed by fungicides (25%). Seventy-five percent (75%) of market gardeners were aware of the risk of pesticide toxicity, however 53% of market gardeners did not use any means of protection during pesticide spraying. These bad practices jeopardize their health, that of consumers and the environment. It is therefore important to train and educate market gardeners on phytosanitary products and to provide them with adequate protective equipment