El transporte fluvial: luces y sombras. Un análisis comparativo entre sistemas de transportes para cargas en la mesopotamia argentina en pos de la multimodalidad

Assim como os metais são os melhores condutores de calor e eletricidade, o mesmo acontece com a água e o comércio. No entanto, nem sempre é possível usar esse meio por razões óbvias. Este não é o caso da Mesopotâmia Argentina, que, por definição, fica entre os rios. Sim embargo, o transporte fluvial es uno de os menos utilizados, embora esteja em crescimento recente. Este artigo tenta uma comparação entre três sistemas de transporte (fluvial, ferroviário e automotivo) em cinco indicadores: velocidade, custos operacionais, segurança, capacidade de carga e flexibilidade. Conclui-se na necessidade de um estudo aprofundado que determine para a região o circuito multimodal mais adequado tanto na eficiência como na efetividade e a que quota de sistema deve ser feita com um modo de transporte determinado.Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos; Argentin

Among conflict hypothesis and commercial society. Puerto Quequén (Argentina) and the ports of Brazil, 1929-1955

Desde la Gran Depresión a la segunda posguerra las relaciones económicas entre países vivieron un período de acomodación. El mercado mundial de alimentos sufrió fuertes alteraciones, donde una serie de países compitieron por la ubicación de sus excedentes agrarios. Los cambios en la demanda internacional, en los términos de intercambio y en las restricciones puestas al ingreso de productos para países que participaban fuertemente de la exportación de commodities, como la Argentina, suscitó la búsqueda de mercados residuales para ubicar sus excedentes agrícolas. Esta nueva coyuntura, además de ser un incentivo de una industrialización sustitutiva, abordada en la región mayormente por Argentina y Brasil, también debilitó la dependencia regional de sus socios comerciales tradicionales, lo que permitió la integración de sus economías y el fortalecimiento de una asociación comercial alternativa y generó una corriente de intercambio centrada en el trigo que se consolidaría y que sobreviviría luego de la guerra en una integración que seguiría caminos diferentes a las hipótesis de conflicto o a los intereses orientados a promover discordia entre Argentina y Brasil. En el presente trabajo medimos y evaluamos este proceso a partir del tráfico naviero de Puerto Quequén —en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina- entre 1929 y 1955.A partir da Grande Depressão, as relações econômicas do pós-guerra entre países experimentaram um período de acomodação. O mercado global de alimentos sofreu fortes alterações, onde um número de países competiu para a localização dos seus excedentes agrícolas. Mudanças na demanda internacional, em termos de comércio e as restrições impostas à entrada de produtos para os países participantes na exportação de commodities, como a Argentina, levantou mercados residuais para vender os seus excedentes agrícolas. Esta nova situação além de industrialização por substituição, gerado principalmente na região por Argentina e Brasil, também enfraqueceu a dependência regional de seus parceiros comerciais tradicionais, permitindo a integração de suas economias e fortalecer associação comercial Alternativamente, gerando um fluxo de troca trigo, consolidado e que sobrevivera à guerra em uma integração que seguiria caminhos dieferntes para possibilidade de conflito ou de interesses visaram promover a discórdia entre Argentina e Brasil. Neste trabalho, procuramos medir e avaliar este processo de transporte desde Puerto Quequén -na província de Buenos Aires, Argentina, entre 1929 e 1955.Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos. Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia de Entre Ríos; Argentin

Asymmetric and Selective Biocatalysis

This Issue contains one communication, six articles, and two reviews. The communication from Paola Vitale et al. represents a work where whole cells were used as biocatalysts for the reduction of optically active chloroalkyl arylketones followed by a chemical cyclization to give the desired heterocycles. Among the various whole cells screened (baker’s yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus CBS 6556, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 7336, Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016), baker’s yeast provided the best yields and the highest enantiomeric ratios (95:5) in the bioreduction of the above ketones. In this respect, valuable chiral non-racemic functionalized oxygen-containing heterocycles (e.g., (S)-styrene oxide, (S)-2-phenyloxetane, (S)-2-phenyltetrahydrofuran), amenable to be further elaborated on, can be smoothly and successfully generated from their prochiral precursors. Studies about pure biocatalysts with mechanistical studies, application in different reactions, and new immobilization methods for improving their stability were reported in five different articles. The article by Su-Yan Wang et al. describes the cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of an N-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase from Pedobacter heparinus (PhGn2E). For this, several N-acylated glucosamine derivatives were chemically synthesized and used to test the substrate specificity of the enzyme. The mechanism of the enzyme was studied by hydrogen/deuterium NMR. The study at the anomeric hydroxyl group and C-2 position of the substrate in the reaction mixture confirmed the epimerization reaction via ring-opening/enolate formation. Site-directed mutagenesis was also used to confirm the proposed mechanism of this interesting enzyme. The article by Forest H. Andrews et al. studies two enzymes, benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFDC) and pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), which catalyze the non-oxidative decarboxylation of 2-keto acids with different specificity. BFDC from Pseudomonas putida exhibited very limited activity with pyruvate, whereas the PDCs from S. cerevisiae or from Zymomonas mobilis showed virtually no activity with benzoylformate (phenylglyoxylate). After studies using saturation mutagenesis, the BFDC T377L/A460Y variant was obtained, with 10,000-fold increase in pyruvate/benzoylformate. The change was attributed to an improvement in the Km value for pyruvate and a decrease in the kcat value for benzoylformate. The characterization of the new catalyst was performed, providing context for the observed changes in the specificity. The article by Xin Wang et al. compares two types of biocatalysts to produce D-lysine L-lysine in a cascade process catalyzed by two enzymes: racemase from microorganisms that racemize L-lysine to give D,L-lysine and decarboxylase that can be in cells, permeabilized cells, and the isolated enzyme. The comparison between the different forms demonstrated that the isolated enzyme showed the higher decarboxylase activity. Under optimal conditions, 750.7 mmol/L D-lysine was finally obtained from 1710 mmol/L L-lysine after 1 h of racemization reaction and 0.5 h of decarboxylation reaction. D-lysine yield could reach 48.8% with enantiomeric excess (ee) of 99%. In the article by Rivero and Palomo, lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL) was highly stabilized at alkaline pH in the presence of PEG, which permitted its immobilization for the first time by multipoint covalent attachment on different aldehyde-activated matrices. Different covalent immobilized preparation of the enzyme was successfully obtained. The thermal and solvent stability was highly increased by this treatment, and the novel catalysts showed high regioselectivity in the deprotection of per-O-acetylated nucleosides. The article by Robson Carlos Alnoch et al. describes the protocol and use of a new generation of tailor-made bifunctional supports activated with alkyl groups that allow the immobilization of proteins through the most hydrophobic region of the protein surface and aldehyde groups that allows the covalent immobilization of the previously adsorbed proteins. These supports were especially used in the case of lipase immobilization. The immobilization of a new metagenomic lipase (LipC12) yielded a biocatalyst 3.5-fold more active and 5000-fold more stable than the soluble enzyme. The PEGylated immobilized lipase showed high regioselectivity, producing high yields of the C-3 monodeacetylated product at pH 5.0 and 4 °C. Hybrid catalysts composed of an enzyme and metallic complex are also treated in this Special Issue. The article by Christian Herrero et al. describes the development of the Mn(TpCPP)-Xln10A artificial metalloenzyme, obtained by non-covalent insertion of Mn(III)-meso-tetrakis(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin [Mn(TpCPP), 1-Mn] into xylanase 10A from Streptomyces lividans (Xln10A). The complex was found able to catalyze the selective photo-induced oxidation of organic substrates in the presence of [RuII(bpy)3]2+ as a photosensitizer and [CoIII(NH3)5Cl]2+ as a sacrificial electron acceptor, using water as oxygen atom source. The two published reviews describe different subjects with interest in the fields of biocatalysis and mix metallic-biocatalysis, respectively. The review by Anika Scholtissek et al. describes the state-of-the-art regarding ene-reductases from the old yellow enzyme family (OYEs) to catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of activated alkenes to produce chiral products with industrial interest. The dependence of OYEs on pyridine nucleotide coenzyme can be avoided by using nicotinamide coenzyme mimetics. In the review, three main classes of OYEs are described and characterized. The review by Yajie Wang and Huimin Zhao highlights some of the recent examples in the past three years that combine transition metal catalysis with enzymatic catalysis. With recent advances in protein engineering, catalyst synthesis, artificial metalloenzymes, and supramolecular assembly, there is great potential to develop more sophisticated tandem chemoenzymatic processes for the synthesis of structurally complex chemicals. In conclusion, these nine publications give an overview of the possibilities of different catalysts, both traditional biocatalysts and hybrids with metals or organometallic complexes to be used in different processes—particularly in synthetic reactions—under very mild reaction conditions

From Substitution to Exportation. The Argentine Fishing Sector between 1930 and 1965

Las medidas arancelarias y cambiarias iniciadas con la dictadura de J. F. Uriburu originaron nichos de una demanda que pudo ser satisfecha por el “similar argentino” de productos tradicionalmente importados. Entre ellos se encuentran los elaborados con derivados pesqueros (seco, salado y en conserva) que fueron sustituyendo a las conservas importadas. La demanda de vitaminas A y D generada por la Segunda Guerra Mundial reorientó eventualmente la actividad hacia la pesca del “tiburón vitamínico”, impulsando la de los pescadores costeros que permitió el incremento de las fuerzas productivas del sector. Finalizada la guerra y sintetizadas las vitaminas, la industria conservera retomó su desarrollo con destinos que excedían el mercado interior. Finalmente, la crisis pesquera del Atlántico Norte generó demanda de especies demersales que puso a la industria “merlucera” local en la órbita internacional del comercio de pescado fresco y congelado. Si bien estas instancias no fueron ajenas al interés gubernamental, su potencial exportador se tradujo en políticas financieras, arancelarias y crediticias. Analizamos este proceso a partir de las estadísticas oficiales de producción y de comercio exterior con el objetivo de seguir la evolución de la industria pesquera marplatense, principal terminal nacional pesquera afectada por estos estímulos.Customs and exchange measures initiated with the dictatorship of J. F. Uriburu (1930-1932) originated niches in a demand that could be satisfied by the “Ar- gentine version” of traditionally imported products. Among them are the ones elaborated with fishing derivatives (dry, salty and canned) that were replacing imported canned fish. The demand of vitamins A and D generated by the Second World War reoriented the activity towards the fishing of the “vitamin shark”, and impelled the coast fishermen to increase the productive forces. By the time the Second World War was over and the vitamins were synthesized, the fish- canning industry reinitiated its development within and outside the inner market. Finally, the fishing crisis of the North Atlantic Ocean created a huge demand of demersal sea species that put the local hake industry in the international orbit of fresh and frozen fish commerce. Although these instances called the attention of the government, the exporting potential of the fishing was translated in financial, tax and credit policies. We analyzed this process from the official statistics of production and foreign trade in order to follow the evolution of the fishing in- dustry in Mar del Plata, which was the main National Fishing Terminal affected by these stimuli.Fil: Masid, Mirta. Grupo de Estudios Sociales Marítimos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion; ArgentinaFil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); Argentina. Grupo de Estudios Sociales Marítimos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata; Argentin

“Sexed habits” in the port city of Mar del Plata: women and fishermen in the beginning of the millennium

La actividad pesquera es considerada como una actividad productiva eminentemente masculina que reserva a la mujer roles domésticos y reproductivos. Esta visión naturalizada de la diferenciación de los sexos se ha construido históricamente de acuerdo a la relación de desigualdad implícita en la oposición entre lo que socialmente se considera masculino o femenino. Es así como variados estudios antropológicos se han ocupado de las mujeres y su relación con la actividad pesquera, dado que este ámbito productivo ofrece un terreno favorable para dotar de visibilidad a las mujeres y a sus actuaciones cotidianas en las unidades domésticas y en la vida pública. En este trabajo, proponemos la consideración de las representaciones sociales de género que circulan entre personas que manifiestan sentido de pertenencia a este microcosmos que denominamos “comunidad portuaria marplatense”. Mediante la interpretación de diversos testimonios orales, intentaremos discriminar discursos y prácticas que hombres y mujeres construyen en sus interacciones cotidianas. De este modo, cuestionaremos la invisibilidad del trabajo femenino dentro y fuera del hogar, para pasar a ocuparnos de la autonomía “relativa” de la que gozan estas mujeres. Finalmente, presentaremos algunas cuestiones, muy preliminares, referidas a la actuación gremial de un grupo de mujeres que están o han estado casadas con pescadores.Fishing is considered as an eminently male production activity that ascribes to women domestic and reproductive roles. This naturalized view of the differentiation of the sexes has been built historically according to the implicit inequality in the opposition between what is socially considered masculine or feminine. Various anthropological studies have focused on women and their relation with the fishing activity, since this industry makes it possible to lend visibility to women and their daily activities at home and in public. This paper discusses the social representations of gender that circulate among people who belong to the port community of Mar del Plata. By interpreting oral testimonies, it identifies discourses and practices that men and women construct in their daily interactions In this way it questions the invisibility of female work inside and outside of the home and deals with the “relative” autonomy that women have. Finally, it raises some preliminary questions related to the labor union activities of a group of women who are or were married to fishermen.Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Correa, Analía. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion; Argentin

Contribuciones y Avances

Informes de coyunturaProyectos de Investigación y Desarrollo en FCECO -UNE

Oro negro del Caribe en la Bahía Blanca. El transporte naval de petróleo en el camino al autoabastecimiento en Argentina (1951-1963)

El petróleo ha sido un tema de discusión política y económica que atravesó en todo el último siglo en la Argentina tanto a vertientes ideológicas como a intereses económicos. Como bandera, desde izquierda a derecha abundaron argumentos nacionalistas o antiimperialistas que se enfrentaron a otros aperturistas e internacionalistas. Como insumo, fue muchas veces el talón de Aquiles de los proyectos de desarrollo, donde los cárteles petroleros pendulaban entre abastecerlo o extraerlo con fuertes concesiones. Al ser Argentina un país con petróleo, la producción nacional y la importación se combinaron con distintas proporciones según lo que podía producir la empresa nacional o lo que podía importarse según los recursos disponibles. Un aspecto de esta problemática sin embargo no ha sido tratado y responde a una serie de interrogantes tales cómo ¿Cuál fue la progresión del ingreso de petróleo en Bahía Blanca en relación al total del país? y ¿Cómo se refleja la tendencia al autoabastecimiento en ambos niveles de integración? ¿Dónde se producía el petróleo importado? ¿Cómo se transportaba? ¿Quiénes lo transportaban? Y finalmente ¿Cómo impactó la política petrolera en la navegación?, es decir ¿Cómo impactaron en la navegación la importación y los contratos petroleros en la distribución de petróleo entre los lugares de producción, refinamiento y consumo? A partir de los datos aportados fundamentalmente por los libros de la Aduana de Bahía Blanca, intentaremos responder a estas y otras preguntas.O petróleo tem sido um tema de discussão política e econômica que se estendeu ao longo do século passado na Argentina tanto entre as tendências ideológicas como entre os interesses econômicos. Como bandeira, da esquerda para a direita, argumentos nacionalistas ou anti- imperialistas se enfrentaram com outros argumentos do abertura ou internacionalistas. Como matéria prima, muitas vezes era o calcanhar de Aquiles de projetos de desenvolvimento , onde os cartel do petróleiro oscilou entre a importação-lo ou extrair-lo com concessões fortes. Sendo Argentina um país com o petróleo , a produção interna e as importações foram combinados com várias proporções de acordo com o que poderia produzir YPF (a empresa nacional) ou o que poderia ser importado de acordo com os recursos disponíveis. Um aspecto deste problema ainda não foi abordado, resposta dando sobre uma série de perguntas, como: Qual foi a progressão da entrada do petróleo em Bahia Blanca com base no total do país? E Como refletido a tendência para a auto-suficiência em ambos os níveis de integração? Onde foi produzido o petróleo importado? Quem o transportou? E finalmente como isso impactou a política petrolífera na navegação? ou seja, como a importação e os contratos de petróleo afectaram na navegação e a distribuição de petróleo entre os locais de produção, refino e consumo? A partir dos dados fornecidos principalmente pelos livros da Alfândega de Bahia Blanca, tentamos responder a estas e outras preguntas.Oil, has been a topic of political and economic discussion which went through in the last century in the argentina both ideological aspects as economic interests. as a flag, from left to right abounded nationalist or anti-imperialist arguments that faced other openings and internationalists. as input, it was often the achilles heel of the development projects where the oil cartels oscillated between supply it or remove it with strong concessions. argentina as a country with oil, domestic production and imports combined with different proportions according to what they could produce the national company or what could be imported according to the resources available. one aspect of this problem has not yet been addressed and responds to a series of questions such as what was the progression of the income from oil in bahia blanca in relation to the total of the country? and how is the self-sufficiency trend reflected in both levels of integration? where was imported oil produced? how was it transported? who transported it? and finally how struck the oil policy in navigation? i.e. do as struck in navigation import and the oil contracts in the distribution of oil between the places of production, refining and consumption? from the data provided mainly by books from custom of bahia blanca, we will try to answer these and other questions.Fil: Mateo, Jose Antonio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

La Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local del Valle de Tenza como estrategia para generar desarrollo territorial

Este texto busca analizar el papel de la Agencia de Desarrollo Económico Local del Valle de Tenza, también conocida como Grupo de Acción local, como estrategia para promover el desarrollo territorial. Para esto, se elabora una definición propia de este concepto, se describe el Valle de Tenza y su respectiva ADEL y se analizan los proyectos de la agencia, a la luz de la teoría de Amartya Sen. Finalmente, se concluye con algunas recomendaciones para fortalecer la organización y propender por el desarrollo territorial.This text aims to analyze the role of the Local Economic Development Agency of “Valle de Tenza”, also known as Group of Local Action, as a strategy to promote the territorial development. For this, a definition of this term is built, the Valle de Tenza and its respective agency are described, and the projects of the agency are analyzed from the perspective of Amartya Sen. Finally, the article concludes with recommendations to strength the organization and promote the territorial development