Com o diabo no corpo: os terríveis papagaios do Brasil colônia

Desde a Antiguidade, papagaios, periquitos e afins (Psittacidae) fascinaram os europeus por seu vivo colorido e uma notável capacidade de interação com seres humanos. A descoberta do Novo Mundo nada faria além de acrescentar novos elementos ao tráfico de animais exóticos há muito estabelecido pelos europeus com a África e o Oriente. Sem possuir grandes mamíferos, a América tropical participaria desse comércio com o que tinha de mais atrativo, essencialmente felinos, primatas e aves - em particular os papagaios, os quais eram embarcados em bom número. Contudo, a julgar pelos documentos do Brasil colônia, esses voláteis podiam inspirar muito pouca simpatia, pois nenhum outro animal - exceto as formigas - foi tantas vezes mencionado como praga para a agricultura. Além disso, alguns psitácidas mostravam-se tão loquazes que inspiravam a séria desconfiança de serem animais demoníacos ou possessos, pois só três classes de entidades - anjos, homens e demônios - possuíam o dom da palavra. Nos dias de hoje, vários representantes dos Psittacidae ainda constituem uma ameaça para a agricultura, enquanto os indivíduos muito faladores continuam despertando a suspeita de estarem possuídos pelo demônio. Transcendendo a mera curiosidade, essa crença exemplifica o quão intrincadas podem ser as relações do homem com o chamado “mundo natural”, revelando um universo mais amplo e multifacetado do que se poderia supor a princípio. Nesse sentido, a existência de aves capazes de falar torna essa relação ainda mais complexa e evidencia que as dificuldades de estabelecer o limite entre o animal e o humano se estendem além dos primatas e envolvem as mais inusitadas espécies zoológicas.Since ancient times, parrots and their allies (Psittacidae) have fascinated Europeans by their striking colors and notable ability to interact with human beings. The discovery of the New World added new species to the international exotic animal trade, which for many centuries had brought beasts to Europe from Africa and the Orient. Lacking large mammals, tropical America participated in this trade with its most appealing species, essentially felines, primates and birds - especially parrots - which were shipped in large numbers. It should be noted, however, that at times these birds were not well liked. In fact, according to documents from colonial Brazil, only the ants rank higher than parrots as the animals most often mentioned as agricultural pests. On the other hand, some of these birds were so chatty that people suspected them to be demonic or possessed animals, since only three classes of beings - angels, men and demons - have the ability to speak. Nowadays, several Psittacidae still constitute a threat to agriculture, and the suspicion that extremely talkative birds were demon possessed has also survived. More than a joke or a mere curiosity, this belief exemplifies how intricate man’s relationships with the “natural world” may be. In this sense, the existence of birds that are able to speak adds a further twist to these relationships, demonstrating that the problem of establishing a boundary between the animal and the human does not only involve primates, but also includes some unusual zoological species

Not available.

O presente trabalho objetivou a caracterização petrográfica e litogeoquímica da porção setentrional do Maciço Granítico Morro Redondo e de rochas vulcânicas (ácidas e básicas) associadas ao mesmo, as quais são descritas pioneiramente neste trabalho. Paralelamente, procurou-se reconhecer as relações genéticas entre as unidades plutônicas e vulcânicas. O maciço Morro Redondo aflora no extremo sudeste do Estado do Paraná, já na divisa com o Estado de Santa Catarina. Possui cerca de 300 Km² de área aflorante, com forma grosseiramente retangular e orientação segundo a direção N20-25W. As rochas vulcânicas ocorrem na forma de derrames e diques, recobrindo parcialmente o maciço granítico na sua porção oeste, sendo indeformadas e não metamorfisadas. O estudo petrográfico revelou que os granitos e os riolitos mostram uma mesma paragênese essencial predominante, constituída por quartzo e feldspato pertítico, como fase precoce, e riebeckita, egerina e biotita (+-), como fase tardia intersticial. A presença de faciologia contendo apenas um feldspato (pertita), demonstra a ocorrência de granito tipo hipersolvus neste maciço. Do ponto de vista geoquímico, o conjunto granito-riolito é caracterizado pelos altos teores em SiO2, Na2O + K2O, Fe203, F, Zr, Nb, Y e Th, e baixas concentrações em CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Ba e Sr, sendo este comportamento similar ao dos granitos tipo-A. Os riolitos e basaltos exibem distribuição bimodal nos diagramas de classificação. O índice agpaítico (N=K/Al) varia entre 0,86 e 1,06 para o riolito e 0,86 a 1,22 para os granitos, atestando o carácter alcalino/peralcalino destas rochas. Em relação ao ambiente tectônico, os vários diagramas, discriminantes utilizados são concordantes em termos de um ambiente intra-placa e anorogênico para geração dos riolitos e granitos. Para os basaltos, também ficou evidenciado um ambiente continental (intra-placa), com base na utilização de diagramas de elementos incompatíveis (Zr/4 x Nbx2 x Y; Zr/Y x Zr). A hipótese de uma vinculação genética entre riolito-granito e basalto-riolito foi testada com base na relação entre elementos incompatíveis (Zr x Ce, Hf x La e Nb x Zr), no padrão de ETR e da paragênese mineral das rochas ácidas. Estes dados, quando interpretados conjuntamente, indicam cogeneticidade entre riolitos e granitos, enquanto a vinculação entre riolitos e basaltos não é conclusiva, sendo ainda necessários dados complementares, principalmente isotópicos. Do ponto de vista geoquímico, petrográfico e tectônico, as rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas aqui estudadas mostram forte semelhança com outras unidades equivalentes do sul e sudeste do Brasil e de outros países. Por outro lado, é importante ressaltar as diferenças geoquímicas entre os basaltos aqui estudados e da bacia do Paraná, descartando-se com isso qualquer similaridade entre eles.This work presents the petrographic and geochemistry studies of the northern portion the Morro Redondo Granitic Massif and acid and basic vulcanic rocks, that are described here for the first time. The genetic relationship between plutonic and volcanic units is demonstrated. The Morro Redondo massif occur is neigboring regions of Paraná e Santa Catarina States, covering about 300 Km2, with approximately rectangular form and n N20-25W orientation. The volcanic rocks are represented by sills and dikes, partially covering the western portion of the granitic massif. This roks are not deformated and metamorphised. The petrographic study indicated the same essencial mineralogical paragenesis, with quartz and pertithic feldspar as early phases, and riebbckite, aegirine and biotite (+ -) as late phases. The occurrence of facies caracterized by pertithic feldspar alone, is characteristic of hypersolvus granites. Geochemically, the granite and rhyolite are characterized by high concentration of SiO2, Na2O + K2O, Fe2O3, F, Zr, Nb, Y and Th, and low concentration of CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Ba and Sr, a behavior similar to A- type granites. The rhyolites and basalts showed bimodal distribution in the classification diagrams. The agpaitic index variated between 0,86 and 1,06 to rhylites and between 0,86 and 1,22 to granites, showing the alkaline/peralkaline caracter of the rocks. Tectonically, discriminant diagrams are concordant with intraplate and anorogenic enviroments of generation the rhyolites and granites. The basaltic rocks also showed an intraplate environment, based in the utilization of incompatible elements (Zr/4 x Nbx2 x Y; Zr/Y x Zr). The hypothesis of a genetic relation between rhyolite and granite was tested, using the incompatible element ratios (Zr x Ce, Hf x La e Nb x Zr), the rare earth elements and mineralogical paragenesis of acid rocks. The analysis suggested that genetic is a relation between the rhyolites and granites. The tests do not conclusively show any relationship between basalts and rhyolites, and complementary studies (specially isotopic) are necessary. The geochemical, petrographic and tectonic characteristics of the plutonic and vulcanic rocks studied here showed great similarities with others units of southern southeastern of Brazil and other world regions. Geochemically, the basaltic rocks studied here are different of the basaltics rocks of Paraná basin

Not available.

O presente trabalho objetivou a caracterização petrográfica e litogeoquímica da porção setentrional do Maciço Granítico Morro Redondo e de rochas vulcânicas (ácidas e básicas) associadas ao mesmo, as quais são descritas pioneiramente neste trabalho. Paralelamente, procurou-se reconhecer as relações genéticas entre as unidades plutônicas e vulcânicas. O maciço Morro Redondo aflora no extremo sudeste do Estado do Paraná, já na divisa com o Estado de Santa Catarina. Possui cerca de 300 Km² de área aflorante, com forma grosseiramente retangular e orientação segundo a direção N20-25W. As rochas vulcânicas ocorrem na forma de derrames e diques, recobrindo parcialmente o maciço granítico na sua porção oeste, sendo indeformadas e não metamorfisadas. O estudo petrográfico revelou que os granitos e os riolitos mostram uma mesma paragênese essencial predominante, constituída por quartzo e feldspato pertítico, como fase precoce, e riebeckita, egerina e biotita (+-), como fase tardia intersticial. A presença de faciologia contendo apenas um feldspato (pertita), demonstra a ocorrência de granito tipo hipersolvus neste maciço. Do ponto de vista geoquímico, o conjunto granito-riolito é caracterizado pelos altos teores em SiO2, Na2O + K2O, Fe203, F, Zr, Nb, Y e Th, e baixas concentrações em CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Ba e Sr, sendo este comportamento similar ao dos granitos tipo-A. Os riolitos e basaltos exibem distribuição bimodal nos diagramas de classificação. O índice agpaítico (N=K/Al) varia entre 0,86 e 1,06 para o riolito e 0,86 a 1,22 para os granitos, atestando o carácter alcalino/peralcalino destas rochas. Em relação ao ambiente tectônico, os vários diagramas, discriminantes utilizados são concordantes em termos de um ambiente intra-placa e anorogênico para geração dos riolitos e granitos. Para os basaltos, também ficou evidenciado um ambiente continental (intra-placa), com base na utilização de diagramas de elementos incompatíveis (Zr/4 x Nbx2 x Y; Zr/Y x Zr). A hipótese de uma vinculação genética entre riolito-granito e basalto-riolito foi testada com base na relação entre elementos incompatíveis (Zr x Ce, Hf x La e Nb x Zr), no padrão de ETR e da paragênese mineral das rochas ácidas. Estes dados, quando interpretados conjuntamente, indicam cogeneticidade entre riolitos e granitos, enquanto a vinculação entre riolitos e basaltos não é conclusiva, sendo ainda necessários dados complementares, principalmente isotópicos. Do ponto de vista geoquímico, petrográfico e tectônico, as rochas plutônicas e vulcânicas aqui estudadas mostram forte semelhança com outras unidades equivalentes do sul e sudeste do Brasil e de outros países. Por outro lado, é importante ressaltar as diferenças geoquímicas entre os basaltos aqui estudados e da bacia do Paraná, descartando-se com isso qualquer similaridade entre eles.This work presents the petrographic and geochemistry studies of the northern portion the Morro Redondo Granitic Massif and acid and basic vulcanic rocks, that are described here for the first time. The genetic relationship between plutonic and volcanic units is demonstrated. The Morro Redondo massif occur is neigboring regions of Paraná e Santa Catarina States, covering about 300 Km2, with approximately rectangular form and n N20-25W orientation. The volcanic rocks are represented by sills and dikes, partially covering the western portion of the granitic massif. This roks are not deformated and metamorphised. The petrographic study indicated the same essencial mineralogical paragenesis, with quartz and pertithic feldspar as early phases, and riebbckite, aegirine and biotite (+ -) as late phases. The occurrence of facies caracterized by pertithic feldspar alone, is characteristic of hypersolvus granites. Geochemically, the granite and rhyolite are characterized by high concentration of SiO2, Na2O + K2O, Fe2O3, F, Zr, Nb, Y and Th, and low concentration of CaO, MgO, Al2O3, Ba and Sr, a behavior similar to A- type granites. The rhyolites and basalts showed bimodal distribution in the classification diagrams. The agpaitic index variated between 0,86 and 1,06 to rhylites and between 0,86 and 1,22 to granites, showing the alkaline/peralkaline caracter of the rocks. Tectonically, discriminant diagrams are concordant with intraplate and anorogenic enviroments of generation the rhyolites and granites. The basaltic rocks also showed an intraplate environment, based in the utilization of incompatible elements (Zr/4 x Nbx2 x Y; Zr/Y x Zr). The hypothesis of a genetic relation between rhyolite and granite was tested, using the incompatible element ratios (Zr x Ce, Hf x La e Nb x Zr), the rare earth elements and mineralogical paragenesis of acid rocks. The analysis suggested that genetic is a relation between the rhyolites and granites. The tests do not conclusively show any relationship between basalts and rhyolites, and complementary studies (specially isotopic) are necessary. The geochemical, petrographic and tectonic characteristics of the plutonic and vulcanic rocks studied here showed great similarities with others units of southern southeastern of Brazil and other world regions. Geochemically, the basaltic rocks studied here are different of the basaltics rocks of Paraná basin

Investigação de Intrusão de Água Salgada em Aqüífero Superficial a Partir de Medidas de Resistividade Elétrica

A site investigation program was carried out to detect salt-water intrusions in a shallow sedimentary aquifer based on electrical resistivity measurements. The site is located close to Paranaguá harbor, in the Paraná State, Brasil. At this site, high chloride concentration contaminated shallow water wells used to supply water for local industries. The site investigation program included a fieldwork, dipole-dipole electrical profiling, resistivity piezocone tests, physical-chemical analysis of sampled water and interpretation of borehole logs. The resistivity piezocone tests provided two simultaneous information; the soil stratigraphy at a very detailed level and a quasi-continuous resistivity profile. Both information adequately complemented dipole-dipole electrical profiling test data. The integration of all test data allowed identifying the contaminated areas as well as guided the location of new water wells to be installed in this area

Inovação no setor industrial metal mecânico: uma análise a partir do Característico da Inovação Setorial (CIS)

Innovation can be considered an inducer for companies to stand out against competitors and strategic for increasing organizational competitiveness. Although it generates contributions in companies of any size, there are leaders and entrepreneurs who are resistant to the implementation of a culture of innovation. One way to overcome this resistance is to generate indicators that measure the impact that may arise from innovative actions. In some sectors, such as the metalworking industry, such indicators are very important, since they may allow better channeling of financial resources and the improvement of employee performance. Thus, in this article we show how the Characteristic of Sectorial Innovation (CSI) was used to identify innovative dimensions that characterize the metalworking industry and receive greater attention and investment by entrepreneurs

Phytochemical study guided by the myorelaxant activity of the crude extract, fractions and constituent from stem bark of Hymenaea courbaril L

a b s t r a c t Ethnopharmacological relevance: Hymenaea courbaril L. (Caesalpinoideae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat anemia, kidney problems, sore throat and other dysfunctions of the respiratory system, such as bronchitis and asthma, although such properties are yet to be scientifically validated. Aim of the study: In order to give a scientific basis to support the traditional use of Hymenaea courbaril, this study was designed to evaluate antioxidant, myorelaxant and anti-inflammatory properties of the ethanol extract from stem bark and its fractions. The myorelaxant effect of astilbin, a flavonoid isolated from the bioactive ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), has also been evaluated. Material and methods: In the present study ethanol extract from stem bark (EEHC) and fractions were analyzed using bioassay-guided fractionation. The following activities were investigated: antioxidant by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, myorelaxant on rat tracheal smooth muscle, and anti-inflammatory using ovalbumin-induced leukocytosis and airway hyperresponsiveness in rats. Results: The results of the present investigation show that the whole extract of Hymenaea courbaril and some of its fractions strongly scavenged DPPH radical. The extract showed myorelaxant activity on rat trachea, being EAF its highest efficient fraction. Bio-guided study allowed the isolation of astilbin, a well-known flavonoid. The activity induced by this compound indicates that it may be partly responsible for the myorelaxant effect of EAF. EAF reduced contractions that depended on divalent cation inflow through voltage-operated Ca 2+ channels (VOCCs) or receptor-operated Ca 2+ channels (ROCCs), but it was more potent to inhibit VOCC-than ROCCdependent contraction induced by Ca 2+ addition in ACh-enriched Ca 2+ -free medium. Oral pretreatment of antigen-challenged animals with EAF prevented airway hyperresponsiveness on KCl-induced contraction and reduced the number of total white cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage. Conclusions: This study provided scientific basis that Hymenaea courbaril presents potential antioxidant, myorelaxant and anti-inflammatory actions, which support its use in folk medicine to treat inflammatory airway diseases

Real time PCR of APN genes in three different tissues of SGB.

<p>A) Aminopeptidase 1, B) Aminopeptidase 2 and C) Aminopeptidase 3. AMID (Anterior midgut). PMID (Posterior midgut). Each bar represents the relative expression in comparison to the tissue that had the smaller expression value, arbitrarily designated as 1. Standard errors of technical triplicate are shown.</p