Shoc2/Sur8 protein regulates neurite outgrowth

This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.-- et al.The Shoc2 protein has been implicated in the positive regulation of the Ras-ERK pathway by increasing the functional binding interaction between Ras and Raf, leading to increased ERK activity. Here we found that Shoc2 overexpression induced sustained ERK phosphorylation, notably in the case of EGF stimulation, and Shoc2 knockdown inhibited ERK activation. We demonstrate that ectopic overexpression of human Shoc2 in PC12 cells significantly promotes neurite extension in the presence of EGF, a stimulus that induces proliferation rather than differentiation in these cells. Finally, Shoc2 depletion reduces both NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and ERK activation in PC12 cells. Our data indicate that Shoc2 is essential to modulate the Ras-ERK signaling outcome in cell differentiation processes involved in neurite outgrowth.GL, TG and LMD were recipients of fellowships from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC) (to GL, TG), and Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS) (to LMD). LSR held a postdoctoral research contract from CIBERNED. This work was supported by FIS grant (PI10/00815) to JLO; CIBERNED to MC; SAF2008-01951, Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM) SSAL-0202-2006-01 and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) to TI; FIS grant PI12/00775 and ISCIII-RETIC (Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer) RD12/0036/0027 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III to PSG; and FIS grants (PI09/0562 and PI13/00703), ISCIIIRETIC (RD06/0020/0003 and RD12/0036/0021), and the Spanish Association Against Cancer (AECC) to JMR.Peer Reviewe

The Spanish Shrimp Fishery on Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M) in 2001

This paper shows data about catch, effort, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size distributions of shrimp (Pandalus borealis) for Spanish commercial catches on Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M) in 2001

The Spanish Shrimp Fishery on Flemish Cap (Division 3M) and Divisions 3LN in 2003

This paper shows data about catch, effort, catch-per-unit effort (CPUE) and size distributions of shrimp (Pandalus borealis) for Spanish commercial fishery in NAFO Divisions 3M and 3LN in 2003

The Spanish Shrimp Fishery on Flemish Cap (Division 3M) and Division 3L in 2004

This paper shows data about catch, effort, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and size distributions of shrimp (Pandalus borealis) for Spanish commercial fishery in NAFO Divisions 3M and 3L in 2004

Immediate Effects of Bilateral Sacroiliac Joint Manipulation on Plantar Pressure Distribution in Asymptomatic Participants

[EN] Objective: To investigate the immediate effects of manipulation of bilateral sacroiliac joints (SIJs) on the plantar pressure distribution in asymptomatic participants in the standing position. Design: Randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Participants: Sixty-two asymptomatic men and women (mean age, 20.66 – 2.56 years) randomly assigned to 2 groups. Interventions: The experimental group underwent mobilization without tension of the hips in the supine position and high-velocity, low-amplitude manipulation in the SIJs bilaterally. The control group underwent only mobilization, without tension of the hips in supine position. Outcome Measures: Pre- and postintervention outcomes measured by an assessor blinded to the treatment allocation of the participants included a baropodometric analysis performed by using a force platform. Baseline between-group differences were examined with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A chi-square test was used for categorical data. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to assess differences between groups, with the preintervention value as covariant (95% confidence level). Results: At baseline, no variables significantly differed between groups. Baropodometric analysis showed statistically significant differences in the location of the maximum pressure point in the experimental group ( p = 0.028). Pre- and postintervention analysis with ANCOVA showed statistically significant differences between both groups in the left hindfoot load percentage (interaction p = 0.0259; ANCOVA p = 0.0277), right foot load percentage (ANCOVA p = 0.0380), and surface of the right forefoot (interaction p = 0.0038). There was also a significant effect in the variables that analyze the entire foot (left foot: surface [interaction p = 0.0452], percentage of load [ANCOVA p = 0.0295]) and between both groups (right foot: weight [interaction p = 0.0070; ANCOVA p = 0.0296]). Conclusions: Sacroiliac joint manipulation applied bilaterally in asymptomatic persons resulted in immediate changes in load distribution on plantar support in the standing position. Study limitations and suggestions for future studies are discussed

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on Flemish Cap in July 2002

A stratified random bottom trawl survey on Flemish Cap was carried out on July 2002. Results on shrimp from the survey are presented and compared to those from previous surveys of the same series. The total biomass index obtained this year, 18 109 tons, is the highest in the series. The female biomass remains at a high level, and it is dominated by age 5 shrimp. Mean lengths at age, abundance and biomass by age are presented

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on Flemish Cap Surveys 2005

Since 1988, a stratified random summer bottom trawl survey are being carried out in Flemish Cap (NAFO Regulatory Area of Division 3M) by UE. From 2003 the traditional research vessel Cornide de Saavedra was replaced by the R/V Vizconde de Eza. The new vessel was calibrated and the indexes transformed. In 2004 year, the lack of time has not permitted to transform the biomass and abundance shrimp indexes of the whole series and only the 2003 and 2004 indexes from the R/V Vizconde de Eza were transformed to the R/V Cornide de Saavedra scale. In this paper, the series from 1988 to 2002 obtained with the R/V Cornide the Saavedra were transformed to make them comparable to the results obtained with the new vessel R/V Vizconde de Eza. The results of shrimp from the last survey on Flemish Cap in 2005 are presented and compared to those from previous years of the same series. Both biomass and abundance have increased significantly due to increasing of 3 age-class. The female biomass decreased, mainly due to declining of 5 and 6 year-classes. Also, in recent years (2004 and 2005) the youngest specimens (age 1) didn't appear in the catches, and they were only presents in the small size bag on the codend

El sistema de ventas y régimen de arrendamientos de tierras en Cáceres en el siglo XVI

Las escasas ventas de tierra que se producen en el siglo XVI, se refieren a tierras de pequeña extensión —una, dos o cuatro fanegas— las hemos considerado motivadas por una necesidad acuciante del vendedor. El estudio de la relación contractual entre comprador y vendedor, nos ha permitido comprobar que las ventas de tierra se realizan, por regla general, libres de carga pero, la modificación del léxico empleado por el escribano a partir de 1557, parece indicar la existencia de préstamos hipotecarios sobre la propiedad territorial. La sistematización de los precios nos hizo detectar las variables influyentes que actúan como elementos en la composición del precio total. En relación con los arrendamientos, pudimos extraer una tipología que ordenamos en cuatro grupos distribuidos en dos grandes apartados: arrendamientos de dehesas enteras y arrendamientos de tierras parceladas. El estudio evolutivo de los precios lo hemos agrupado en décadas. Salvo excepciones como los de arrendamientos del aprovechamiento del granillo, experimentan un alza a lo largo del siglo XVI. Esta elevación es más acusada en la primera mitad del siglo que en la segunda. El examen nominal de los contratos de arrendamiento nos ha permitido señalar el fenómeno del subarriendo. En general, es la nobleza cacereña la que arrienda las dehesas a grandes ganaderos que provienen del exterior extremeño y, éstos, son quienes las subarriendan a los pequeños ganaderos o agricultores cacereños. Un segundo tipo de subarriendo es el que se produce en los arrendamientos de tierras de labor: el propietario, casi siempre un noble, arrienda una dehesa a un arrendatario que a su vez la parcela y subarrienda a convecinos. En este proceso únicamente intervienen cacereños

Assessing the feeding ecology of three sympatric squids Illex argentinus, Doryteuthis gahi and Onykia ingens off the Patagonian by combining stomach content and stable isotopic analysis

The Ommastrephidae Illex argentinus, the Loliginidae Doryteuthis gahi and the Onychoteuthidae Onikya ingens are squid species coexisting in the south part of the Patagonian Shelf, interacting for similar feeding resources. In the present study, we analyzed the feeding ecology, trophic position and trophic relationships of these three species by combining stomach content and stable isotopic approximations. In particular, stomach content and isotopic analysis were carried out on 20 D. gahi, 20 I. argentinus and 21 O. ingens collected from May 6th and 8th 2013 at depths between 147 and 220 m. The results indicated that the feeding habits of small and larger squids were different in the three species. The two main prey species for small D. gahi individuals were the euphausid Euphausia sp. and the amphipod Eutemisto gaudichaudi, and the main prey for larger D. gahi individuals were a fish and the Munididae Munida subrugosa. The main prey group of small I. argentinus individuals was the amphipod E. gaudichaudi and the myctophid fish, and the main prey for larger size I. argentinus individuals were the paralepididae Arctozenus risso and the Notothenidae Patagonotothen ramsayi, secondly by the squid group. Small O. ingens individuals fed on Micromesistius australis and Notophysis marginata while larger O. ingens individuals fed on Lampanyctus australis and Notoscopelus sp. D. gahi showed higher δ15N values than the other two species and small and larger D. gahi individuals showed similar isotopic values. The δ15N values of I. argentinus and O. ingens were higher for larger individuals. Finally, D. gahi differed in its δ13C values from I. argentinus and O. ingens and the less depleted δ13C values were found in the larger in D. gahi individuals. The results indicate that the three squid species preyed on organisms with similar trophic position, but due to their voracity and their active predation on similar trophic resources, small size individuals segregate their trophic niche from the larger ones. It is important to note that the δ13C values revealed that larger D. gahi individuals had a different distribution in the water column, which probably is a response of the reproductive activity of mature squid near to the surface water.Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Méxic

Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) on Flemish Cap in June 2003

Since 1988, a stratified random summer bottom trawl survey in Flemish Cap (NAFO Regulatory Area of Div. 3M) was conducted by UE. In June 2003, the survey was carried out by the new research vessel R/V Vizconde de Eza. For this reason during the first ten days of the survey a comparative Fishing Trial (calibration) was conducted between the old research vessel R/V Cornide de Saavedra and the new research vessel R/V Vizconde de Eza in order to calibrate the new ship. The corresponding Factor Power Correction (FPC) was calculated by generalized linear regression model by haul, and a length conversion method. The transformed entire series of abundance, biomass, mean catch per tow and length distribution for northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) are presented for the period 1988-2002, and the no-transformed data for the year 2003. Also the standard error was shown for mean catch per tow. This year a decreasing in shrimp biomass was observed. It was mainly due to declining of female biomass. Also the youngest model group (age 1) appeared well represented, predicting a good recruitment in next years. However, all these results must be taken carefully because the scarce number of hauls carried out during the calibration