BMI1 is down-regulated in the aging human brain and retina.

<p>(A) Immunohistochemistry on human brain (hippocampus) sections using anti-Bmi1 (brown) and anti-GFAP (pink) antibodies. BMI1 is expressed in neurons, but not in GFAP+ astrocytes, and expression is highly reduced in old brain neurons. Note the virtual absence of BMI1 labeling in some neurons (red arrowheads). Scale bars; 20 µm. (B) Immunofluorescence analysis of BMI1 expression in the human retina (23 years old, frozen sections). BMI1 is highly expressed in human photoreceptors (white arrowheads), which cell body lies in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), while its expression is weaker in neurons of the inner nuclear (INL) and ganglion cell (GCL) layers (red arrowheads). Scale bars; 20 µm. (C) Human retina samples were analyzed by Western blot for BMI1 expression and protein content was normalized using <i>β</i>-actin. BMI1 protein levels are reduced in old retinas (65–75 years). Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 2–5 retinas per group; *<i>P</i><0.05). (D)Immunofluorescence analysis of GFAP and P16^INK4A expression in young and old human retinas. Note increased GFAP and P16^INK4A immunoreactivity in the old retinas. Scale bars; 20 µm.</p

Bmi1 deficiency during aging influences neurons resistance to genotoxic stresses and mitochondrial dysfunctions.

<p>Proposed model of Bmi1 function in neurons: (A) When over-expressed, Bmi1 represses p53 activity by an unknown mechanism, leading to complete inhibition of p53 pro-apoptotic and pro-oxidant activities and supra-activation of the antioxidant defense system. (B) In young neurons, where Bmi1 expression is robust, Bmi1 partially represses p53 activity, thus allowing modulation of p53-mediated apoptosis and repression of antioxidant response elements (ARE). These elements are present in antioxidant-coding genes activated by the Nrf2 transcription factor. (C) In aging neurons, where Bmi1 expression becomes deficient, p53 is activated (1), leading to induction of apoptosis and inflammation, and in transcriptional repression of antioxidant-coding genes (2). Elevated mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) concentrations ultimately induce damages to lipids and DNA, which further activate p53 (3), resulting in the formation of a vicious circle. This situation renders old neurons particularly more vulnerable to genotoxic stresses (gs) and mitochondrial dysfunctions. This model is based on data from the present work, and those published previously <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0031870#pone.0031870-Chatoo1" target="_blank">[20]</a>.</p

Antioxidant defenses are reduced in the aging mouse brain.

<p>(A) The relative expression of senescence-associated genes in cortices from young and old brains was analyzed by Q-PCR. Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 3; *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.01). The dashed line represents the basal gene expression level measured in young mice. (B) The relative expression of antioxidant genes in cortices from young and old brains, and from P25 <i>Bmi1^−/−</i> and WT mice was analyzed by Q-PCR. The dashed line represents the basal gene expression level measured in young compared to old and to WT compared to <i>Bmi1^−/−</i> mice. Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 3; *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.01). (C) Coronal sections from the cerebral cortex of young and old mice, and of P25 WT and <i>Bmi1^−/−</i> mice were labeled with antibodies against 8-oxo-guanine (8-OG; brown) and GFAP (pink). Note the increase in 8-oxo-guanine labeling in neurons from old and <i>Bmi1^−/−</i> mice compared to respective controls. Scale bars; 50 µm. (D) ChIP analysis of young and old brains revealing accumulation of p53 and heterochromatin marks (histone H3 K27^me2 or H3 k9^me2) at the <i>xCT</i>, <i>Sod1</i> and <i>Sod2</i> promoters in old brains. Antibodies against acetylated histone H4 and IgG were used as control. The <i>β-major</i> promoter region of <i>globin</i> was use as negative control. Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 3; *<i>P</i><0.05).</p

BMI1 is highly neuroprotective against topoisomerase I inhibition and mitochondrial poisoning.

<p>(A) Empty plasmid vectors (CMV-GFP) or human BMI1-carrying plasmid (CMV-GFP: BMI1) were transfected in 293FT cells and lysates were analyzed 72 hours later for Bmi1 expression by Western blot. β-actin was used as internal control for normalization of protein loading. Non-transfected cells were used as control (Ctl) for endogenous Bmi1 expression. (B) Experimental scheme showing the procedure used to electroporate plasmid vectors in primary neuronal cultures from e18.5 WT mouse embryo cortices. (C) After 7 days i<i>n vitro</i> (DIV), electroporated neurons were exposed to CA, 3-NP or their respective vehicles. 16 hours later, cultures were stained for apoptosis induction (caspase-3 in brown) and expression of GFP (in pink), in order to distinguish neurons carrying or not the transgene. (D) Cell viability was assessed in cultures photographed in (C) as the percentage of GFP⁺/Caspase-3⁻ cells <i>versus</i> total GFP⁺ cells. Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 3; *<i>P</i><0.05; **<i>P</i><0.001). (E) After 7 DIV, electroporated WT and <i>p53^−/−</i> neurons were exposed to CA or vehicle (DMSO) and analyzed after 16 hours as described in (C). Results are Mean ± s.d. (n = 3; **<i>P</i><0.001).</p

Additional file 1: TableS1. of TuberOus SClerosis registry to increase disease Awareness (TOSCA) – baseline data on 2093 patients

Age and Gender Distribution of TSC manifestations reported in TOSCA. (DOCX 13 kb

Data_Sheet_1_Determinants of HIV late presentation among men who have sex with men in Portugal (2014–2019): who’s being left behind?.docx

IntroductionHIV late presentation (LP) remains excessive in Europe. We aimed to analyze the factors associated with late presentation in the MSM population newly diagnosed with HIV in Portugal between 2014 and 2019.MethodsWe included 391 newly HIV-1 diagnosed Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), from the BESTHOPE project, in 17 countrywide Portuguese hospitals. The data included clinical and socio-behavioral questionnaires and the viral genomic sequence obtained in the drug resistance test before starting antiretrovirals (ARVs). HIV-1 subtypes and epidemiological surveillance mutations were determined using different bioinformatics tools. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between predictor variables and late presentation (LP).ResultsThe median age was 31 years, 51% had a current income between 501–1,000 euros, 28% were migrants. 21% had never been tested for HIV before diagnosis, with 42.3% of MSM presenting LP. 60% were infected with subtype B strains. In the multivariate regression, increased age at diagnosis, higher income, lower frequency of screening, STI ever diagnosed and higher viral load were associated with LP.ConclusionOur study suggests that specific subgroups of the MSM population, such older MSM, with higher income and lower HIV testing frequency, are not being targeted by community and clinical screening services. Overall, targeted public health measures should be strengthened toward these subgroups, through strengthened primary care testing, expanded access to PrEP, information and promotion of HIV self-testing and more inclusive and accessible health services.</p