Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)

Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.Santé Publique Franc

On the pitfalls of conceptualizing excessive physical exercise as an addictive disorder: Commentary on Dinardi et al. (2021)

This commentary challenges some of the proposals made in the opinion paper entitled “The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction” by Dinardi, Egorov, and Szabo (2021). We first question the usefulness of the (expanded) interactional model of exercise addiction to determine the psychological processes underlying distress and functional impairment in excessive physical exercise. We then consider the authors’ use of the Self-Determination Theory to model exercise addiction, which risks the misclassification of strenuous, but adaptive, patterns of physical exercise as exercise addiction. We finally address broader concerns regarding the idea that maladaptive exercising could be conceptualized as an addictive disorder.Luxembourg National Research Fund C18/BM/12552025Spanish Research Agency (Agencia Espanola de Investigacion)Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion) (MCIN/ AEI) PID2020116535GB-I00Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNR

El papel de la carga mental en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo

Una de las claves que determinan el éxito del entrenamiento es la alternancia correcta entre esfuerzo y descanso. La acumulación de esfuerzo puede producir fatiga, con el consiguiente deterioro de la capacidad motriz del deportista. Su impacto a largo plazo sobre el organismo depende de la capacidad adaptativa del deportista ante los estímulos que la generaron. El sometimiento a cargas por encima de la capacidad adaptativa del deportista produce un estado de incapacidad funcional conocido con el término "sobreentrenamiento" y caracterizado por la pérdida de rendimiento y alteraciones emocionales (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee y Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould, y Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Los estímulos que determinan la carga del entrenamiento son de naturaleza física y mental. Aunque la repercusión de los primeros ha sido ampliamente estudiada, no sucede igual con la de los segundos. Por tanto, nuestro objetivo es (1) revisar el concepto de carga mental, incluyendo elementos de carga cognitiva y emocional; (2) profundizar en las repercusiones de la carga mental y la necesidad de controlarla en el entrenamiento, y (3) proponer aplicaciones para el diseño de tareas por parte del entrenador.One of the keys to achieving success in training is the correct alternation between exertion and rest. Accumulation of load causes fatigue, with a consequent deterioration of an athlete's motor skills. This impact on the organism depends on the capacity of the athlete to adapt to the stimuli that generated it. Repetitive loads, systematically above the adaptive capacity of the athlete, can produce performance and mode deterioration in the form of dysfunctional overtraining or stalement. (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee AND Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould and Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Loading stimuli can be physical and/or mental. Although the impact of the former has been widely studied, this is not the case with the latter. Therefore, our aim was (1) to review the concept of mental workload, including cognitive and emotional elements, (2) to explore the implications of controlling mental workload for training, and (3) to propose practical applications for designing training tasks.Uma das chaves que determinam o êxito do treino é a alternância correcta entre esforço e descanso. A acumulação de esforço pode produzir fadiga, com o consequente deterioramento da capacidade motora do atleta. O seu impacto a longo prazo sobre o organismo depende da capacidade adaptativa do desportista face aos estímulos que a originam. A exposição a cargas acima da capacidade adaptativa do atleta produz um estado de incapacidade funcional denominado de "sobretreino" e caracterizado pela perda de rendimento e alterações emocionais (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee e Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould e Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Os estímulos que determinam a carga de treino são de natureza física e mental. Embora a repercussão dos primeiros tenha sido amplamente estudada, o mesmo não sucede com os segundos. Como tal, o nosso objectivo é (1) rever o conceito de carga mental, incluindo elementos de carga cognitiva e emocional; (2) aprofundar as repercussões da carga mental e a necessidade de controlá-la no treino, e (3) propor aplicações para o delineamento de tarefas por parte do treinador

The role of mental workload in sport training planning

One of the keys to achieving success in training is the correct alternation between exertion and rest. Accumulation of load causes fatigue, with a consequent deterioration of an athlete’s motor skills. This impact on the organism depends on the capacity of the athlete to adapt to the stimuli that generated it. Repetitive loads, systematically above the adaptive capacity of the athlete, can produce performance and mode deterioration in the form of dysfunctional overtraining or stalement. (Goodger, Gorely, Lavallee AND Harwood, 2007; Gould, 1996; Gould AND Dieffenbach, 2002; Kellmann, 2002). Loading stimuli can be physical and/or mental. Although the impact of the former has been widely studied, this is not the case with the latter. Therefore, our aim was (1) to review the concept of mental workload, including cognitive and emotional elements, (2) to explore the implications of controlling mental workload for training, and (3) to propose practical applications for designing training task

¿Protege o predispone la actividad física a las adicciones conductuales y otros problemas de autorregulación?

This cross-sectional survey study had the aim of clarifying the relationships between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and non-drugrelated self-regulation problems (non-drug-related SRPs), including behavioral addictions, and the role of impulsive personality traits therein. Spanish university students (N = 329; Mage = 21.20) completed questionnaires for each of these constructs. Fitness and Bodybuilding LTPA was negatively associated with video gaming-related SRPs, r = -.13, p = .019, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [-.23, -.02], and positively associated with sex-related SRPs, r = .16, p = .005, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [.04, .30]. Endurance LTPA was associated with higher scores in eating-related SRPs, r = .17, p = .003, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [.02, .31]. The proportion of participants presenting scores above the clinically significant threshold in eating-related SRPs was 2.64 times higher for respondents in an Excessive Endurance LTPA cluster compared to the other respondents, Fisher’s exact test, p = .017, OR = 3.10, 95% CI [1.26, 7.63], and the proportion of participants reporting vomiting to control weight was 2.12 times higher, Fisher’s exact test, p = .040, OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.06, 5.57]. The associations were largely independent of impulsive personality traits. We identified an elevated risk of eating pathology in a subgroup of participants with anomalously high participation in endurance physical activity. This overlap is consistent with the secondary dependence hypothesis of exercise addiction.This cross-sectional survey study had the aim of clarifying the relationships between leisure time physical activity (LTPA) and non-drugrelated self-regulation problems (non-drug-related SRPs), including behavioral addictions, and the role of impulsive personality traits therein. Spanish university students (N = 329; Mage = 21.20) completed questionnaires for each of these constructs. Fitness and Bodybuilding LTPA was negatively associated with video gaming-related SRPs, r = -.13, p = .019, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [-.23, -.02], and positively associated with sex-related SRPs, r = .16, p = .005, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [.04, .30]. Endurance LTPA was associated with higher scores in eating-related SRPs, r = .17, p = .003, 95% CI (bootstrapped) [.02, .31]. The proportion of participants presenting scores above the clinically significant threshold in eating-related SRPs was 2.64 times higher for respondents in an Excessive Endurance LTPA cluster compared to the other respondents, Fisher’s exact test, p = .017, OR = 3.10, 95% CI [1.26, 7.63], and the proportion of participants reporting vomiting to control weight was 2.12 times higher, Fisher’s exact test, p = .040, OR = 2.43, 95% CI [1.06, 5.57]. The associations were largely independent of impulsive personality traits. We identified an elevated risk of eating pathology in a subgroup of participants with anomalously high participation in endurance physical activity. This overlap is consistent with the secondary dependence hypothesis of exercise addiction.Research described in this manuscript has been funded by a grant to the last author, JCP, from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación; Convocatoria 2013 de Proyectos I+D de Excelencia), with reference number PSI2013-45055-P

Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder should not be classified by solely relying on component/symptomatic features. Commentary to the debate: “Behavioral addictions in the ICD-11”

The paper by Sassover and Weinstein (2022) contributes to a timely and complex debate related to the classification of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD). The recent inclusion of CSBD as an impulse- control disorder in the ICD-11 has generated debate since a competitive view is that CSBD should rather be classified as an addictive disorder. Sassover and Weinstein (2022) reviewed existing evidence and concluded it does not support the conceptualization of CSBD as an addictive disorder. Although we agree regarding the relevance and timely nature of considering the classification of CSBD, we respectfully disagree with the position that relying on the components model of addiction (Griffiths, 2005) is the optimal approach for determining whether or not CSBD is an addictive disorder. In this commentary, we discuss potential pitfalls of relying on the components model to conceptualize CSBD as an addictive disorder and argue that considering a process-based approach is important for advancing this timely debate

A fadiga como um estado motivacional subjetivo

Actualmente no existe consenso sobre los factores que determinan la aparición de la fatiga. Hay factores que se derivan exclusivamente del esfuerzo físico, otros que dependen del esfuerzo mental que este lleva aparejado, y otros de los resultados de la tarea que se está realizando. Como consecuencia, se han desarrollado diferentes modelos explicativos que pretenden aunar las diferentes razones de su aparición. No obstante, la tendencia actual es entender la fatiga como un estado motivacional complejo cuyo origen tiene lugar en numerosos procesos siológicos y psicológicos que sirven para regular el esfuerzo y proteger al organismo de da ̃ nos graves. Los objetivos de la presente revisión narrativa son analizar los diferentes enfoques existentes para el estudio y la explicación de la fatiga, establecer el vínculo con el concepto de carga de entrenamiento y justi car la importancia de evaluar las repercusiones de la carga mental para conseguir una adecuada plani cación y control del proceso de entrenamientoThere is currently no consensus on the factors that determine the onset of fatigue. There are some factors that are derived exclusively from the physical effort, others that depend on the mental effort due to physical effort, and some others on the feedback provided by the task being performed. As a result, we have developed different explanatory models that seek to combine the different reasons for its occurrence. Nevertheless, the current trend is to understand fatigue as a complex motivational state whose origin occurs in many physiological and psychological processes that serve to regulate the effort and protect the body from serious damage. The aims of this narrative review are to analyze the different existing approaches to the study and explanation of fatigue, establish the link with the concept of training load and justify the importance of evaluating the impact of mental load to achieve a proper planning and a training process control.Atualmente não existe consenso sobre os fatores que determinam o aparecimento da fadiga. Existem fatores que são derivados exclusivamente do esforc¸ o físico, outros que dependem do esforc¸ o mental que ela traz, e outros resultados da tarefa executada. Como consequência, tem-se desenvolvido diferentes modelos explicativos que procuram combinar as diferentes razões para a sua ocorrência. No entanto, a tendência atual é entender a fadiga como um estado motivacional complexo, cuja origem ocorre em muitos processos fisiológicos e psicológicos que servem para regular o esforc¸ o e proteger o corpo de danos graves. Os objetivos da presente revisão narrativa são analisar as diferentes abordagens existentes para o estudo e explicac¸ ão da fadiga, estabelecer a ligac¸ ão com o conceito de carga de treinamento e justificar a importância de se avaliar o impacto da carga mental para alcanc¸ ar um planejamento adequado e controle de processo de treinament

Decision‑making inflexibility in a reversal learning task is associated with severity of problem gambling symptoms but not with a diagnosis of substance use disorder

MFJ-R was funded by the scholarship program offered by the University of Guayaquil-Ecuador (Programa de Becas para Profesores de la UG; Convocatoria 2015). JCP and JFNs contributions are supported by a grant from the Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion; Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I + D de Excelencia, Spain; co-funded by the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Comission), with reference number PSI2017-85488-P. The funding bodies had no role in the design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data.Background: Decisions made by individuals with disordered gambling are markedly inflexible. However, whether anomalies in learning from feedback are gambling-specific, or extend beyond gambling contexts, remains an open question. More generally, addictive disorders—including gambling disorder—have been proposed to be facilitated by individual differences in feedback-driven decision-making inflexibility, which has been studied in the lab with the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task (PRLT). In this task, participants are first asked to learn which of two choice options is more advantageous, on the basis of trial-by-trial feedback, but, once preferences are established, reward contingencies are reversed, so that the advantageous option becomes disadvantageous and vice versa. Inflexibility is revealed by a less effective reacquisition of preferences after reversal, which can be distinguished from more generalized learning deficits. Methods: In the present study, we compared PRLT performance across two groups of 25 treatment-seeking patients diagnosed with an addictive disorder and who reported gambling problems, and 25 matched controls [18 Males/7 Females in both groups, Mage( SDage) = 25.24 (8.42) and 24.96 (7.90), for patients and controls, respectively]. Beyond testing for differences in the shape of PRLT learning curves across groups, the specific effect of problematic gambling symptoms’ severity was also assessed independently of group assignment. In order to surpass previous methodological problems, full acquisition and reacquisition curves were fitted using generalized mixed-effect models. Results: Results showed that (1) controls did not significantly differ from patients in global PRLT performance nor showed specific signs of decision-making inflexibility; and (2) regardless of whether group affiliation was controlled for or not, gambling severity was specifically associated with more inefficient learning in phases with reversed contingencies. Conclusion: Decision-making inflexibility, as revealed by difficulty to reacquire decisional preferences based on feedback after contingency reversals, seems to be associated with gambling problems, but not necessarily with a substance-use disorder diagnosis. This result aligns with gambling disorder models in which domain-general compulsivity is linked to vulnerability to develop gambling-specific problems with exposure to gambling opportunities.University of Guayaquil-Ecuador (Programa de Becas para Profesores de la UG)Spanish Government (Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad, Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion)Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos I + D de Excelencia, SpainFondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Comission PSI2017-85488-

Cognitive Biases in Human Causal Learning

El objetivo de este trabajo fue la búsqueda de sesgos cognitivos en la inferencia de relaciones causales para descubrir qué procesos psicológicos modulan el aprendizaje causal. A partir del efecto de la frecuencia de juicio, este trabajo presenta investigación consecuente sobre competición entre claves (ensombrecimiento, bloqueo o súper-condicionamiento) para demostrar cómo la fuerza de las creencias previas y la evidencia sobre la covariación de cada causa contribuyen aditivamente en los juicios causales y en la toma de decisiones, siendo su fuerza relativa modulada por la fiabilidad otorgada a cada tipo de información. Nuevos datos muestran también la incapacidad para detectar relaciones causales incidentales preventivas, pero no generativas. Esta “ceguera inatencional” parece deberse a un fallo en la codificación o recuperación de la información. Todos estos datos revelan que una arquitectura cognitiva del aprendizaje causal debe basarse en tres niveles. El primer nivel sería responsable de la codificación de los eventos en cada ensayo. El segundo nivel computaría la nueva evidencia a partir de la información recibida del primer nivel. En el tercer nivel, el individuo debe interpretar e integrar toda esta información con su conocimiento causal previo. En suma, los modelos sobre juicios de causalidad y toma de decisiones normalmente se han centrado en el efecto exclusivo de las “creencias y conocimiento causal” o de la “experiencia directa y covariación” entre causas y efectos. Este trabajo demuestra que ambos tipos de información se requieren e interactúan cuando se trata de explicar la complejidad y flexibilidad que implica el aprendizaje y la inferencia de relaciones causales en humanos.The main aim of this work was to look for cognitive biases in human inference of causal relationships in order to emphasize the psychological processes that modulate causal learning. From the effect of the judgment frequency, this work presents subsequent research on cue competition (overshadowing, blocking, and super-conditioning effects) showing that the strength of prior beliefs and new evidence based upon covariation computation contributes additively to predict causal judgments, whereas the balance between the reliability of both, beliefs and covariation knowledge, modulates their relative weight. New findings also showed “inattentional blindness” for negative or preventative causal relationships but not for positive or generative ones, due to failure in codifying and retrieving the necessary information for its computation. Overall results unveil the need of three hierarchical levels of a whole architecture for human causal learning: the lower one, responsible for codifying the events during the task; the second one, computing the retrieved information; finally, the higher level, integrating this evidence with previous causal knowledge. In summary, whereas current theoretical frameworks on causal inference and decision-making usually focused either on causal beliefs or covariation information, the present work shows how both are required to be able to explain the complexity and flexibility involved in human causal learning

The associative learning roots of affect-driven impulsivity and its role in problem gambling: A replication attempt and extension of Quintero et al. (2020)

Background and aims: Negative/positive urgency (NU/PU) refers to the proneness to act rashly under negative/positive emotions. These traits are proxies to generalized emotion dysregulation, and are wellestablished predictors of gambling-related problems. We aimed to replicate a previous work (Quintero et al., 2020) showing NU to be related to faulty extinction of conditioned stimuli in an emotional conditioning task, to extend these findings to PU, and to clarify the role of urgency in the development of gambling-related craving and problems. Methods: 81 gamblers performed an acquisition-extinction task in which neutral, disgusting, erotic and gambling-related images were used as unconditioned stimuli (US), and color patches as conditioned stimuli (CS). Trial-by-trial predictive responses were analyzed using generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLME). Results: PU was more strongly related than NU to craving and severity of gambling problems. PU did not influence acquisition in the associative task, whereas NU slightly slowed it. Extinction was hampered in individuals with high PU, and a follow-up analysis showed this effect to depend on relative preference for skill-based and casino games. Discussion and conclusions: Results suggest that resistance to extinction of emotionally conditioned cues is a sign of malfunctioning emotion regulation in problematic gambling. In our work, the key effect was driven by PU (instead of NU), and gambling craving and symptoms were also more closely predicted by it. Future research should compare the involvement of PU and NU in emotion regulation and gambling problems, for gamblers with preference for different gambling modalities (e.g., pure chance vs skill games)Spanish Government PSI2017-85488-PSpanish Government (Convocatoria 2017 de Proyectos ID de Excelencia, Spain)Spanish Government (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, European Union)Spanish Government (Agencia Espanola de Investigacion, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion) (MCIN/AEI) PID2020-116535 GB-I00Spanish Government PRE2018-08515