The Preference Clause Revisited: Central Lincoln Peoples\u27 Utility District v. Johnson and the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act

This article analyzes the legislative development of the preference clause to its inclusion in the Pacific Northwest Electric Power Planning and Conservation Act (Northwest Power Act). This analysis demonstrates the Northwest Power Act\u27s reaffirmation of the supply preference traditionally included in federal power marketing legislation. The analysis also reveals a unique price discount for customers entitled to a supply preference under the Northwest Power Act. Additionally, the article considers recent Ninth Circuit decisions applying the preference clause to various forms of power allocation by federal agencies. The analysis identifies legislative and judicial adherence to the preference concept based on congressional confidence in the principles underlying the preference concept. The article concludes that Congress and the federal courts have strengthened the priority given to public utilities in the Pacific Northwest to federally generated electric power despite attempts to circumvent or erode preference rights

Surface-plasmon-enhanced light scattering from microscopic spheres

Copyright © 2003 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics. The following article appeared in Applied Physics Letters 83 (2003) and may be found at http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/83/3006/1The enhanced light scattering from microscopic latex spheres placed in the optical field associated with a surface-plasmon resonance is explored. Spheres of 200 nm diameter are placed on an optically thin gold film that supports the surface-plasmon and the scattered intensity is then measured as a function of scattering angle. This is compared to the scattering profiles obtained from spheres placed on a bare glass substrate. In both cases, the experimental data are compared to theory. This system is of interest in the field of optical biosensing

UK framework for basic epilepsy training and oromucosal midazolam administration.

BACKGROUND: UK wide Oromucosal Midazolam is used as an emergency treatment in community for seizures administered by family/carers with the right training. The Joint Epilepsy Council (JEC) UK which produced the training guidelines disbanded in 2016. PURPOSE: Provide standards for basic epilepsy education and rescue medication (Midazolam) administration. METHODS: The Epilepsy Nurses Association (ESNA), The International League against Epilepsy, British Chapter (ILAE) and the Royal college of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), used the Delphi process to update guidelines for the administration of oromucosal midazolam including developing a voluntary on-line test for carers. During 2017-2019 a facilitator worked with two ESNA committees to update the existing guidance and another to develop a question-bank. Both committee outputs were circulated to the ESNA membership, then ILAE and RCPsych for review. Patient-facing organizations and charities' opinions were solicited. All feedback was assimilated. A private provider was contracted to deliver the test. RESULTS: A consensus process involving two task and finish groups of 19 people each compared, reflected, debated, and engaged with stakeholders across three stages. The updated ratified guidelines were circulated nationally. The Delphi process highlighted many regions and individuals had local assessment tools and procedures in place, while others (around 50%) had no assessment provision. 278 carers with a 95% pass-rate and 100% positive feedback have undertaken the online test (10/2020). CONCLUSION: The UK-wide care provision gap in basic epilepsy-training and safe rescue medication administration is now addressed. A two-yearly update to the guidelines and test is planned

Convergent evolution of toxin resistance in animals

Convergence is the phenomenon whereby similar phenotypes evolve independently in different lineages. One example is resistance to toxins in animals. Toxins have evolved many times throughout the tree of life. They disrupt molecular and physiological pathways in target species, thereby incapacitating prey or deterring a predator. In response, molecular resistance has evolved in many species exposed to toxins to counteract their harmful effects. Here, we review current knowledge on the convergence of toxin resistance using examples from a wide range of toxin families. We explore the evolutionary processes and molecular adaptations driving toxin resistance. However, resistance adaptations may carry a fitness cost if they disrupt the normal physiology of the resistant animal. Therefore, there is a trade‐off between maintaining a functional molecular target and reducing toxin susceptibility. There are relatively few solutions that satisfy this trade‐off. As a result, we see a small set of molecular adaptations appearing repeatedly in diverse animal lineages, a phenomenon that is consistent with models of deterministic evolution. Convergence may also explain what has been called ‘autoresistance’. This is often thought to have evolved for self‐protection, but we argue instead that it may be a consequence of poisonous animals feeding on toxic prey. Toxin resistance provides a unique and compelling model system for studying the interplay between trophic interactions, selection pressures and the molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary novelties

Relationship between photonic band structure and emission characteristics of a polymer distributed feedback laser

G. A. Turnbull, P. Andrew, M. J. Jory, William L. Barnes, and I. D. W. Samuel, Physical Review B, Vol. 64, article 125122 (2001). "Copyright © 2001 by the American Physical Society."We present an experimental study of the emission characteristics and photonic band structure of a distributed feedback polymer laser, based on the material poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene]. We use measurements of the photonic band dispersion to explain how the substrate microstructure modifies both spontaneous and stimulated emission. The lasing structure exhibits a one-dimensional photonic band gap around 610 nm, with lasing occurring at one of the two associated band edges. The band edge (frequency) selection mechanism is found to be a difference in the level of output coupling of the modes associated with the two band edges. This is a feature of the second-order distributed feedback mechanism we have employed and is clearly evident in the measured photonic band structur

Distinct regulatory networks control toxin gene expression in elapid and viperid snakes

Background Venom systems are ideal models to study genetic regulatory mechanisms that underpin evolutionary novelty. Snake venom glands are thought to share a common origin, but there are major distinctions between venom toxins from the medically significant snake families Elapidae and Viperidae, and toxin gene regulatory investigations in elapid snakes have been limited. Here, we used high-throughput RNA-sequencing to profile gene expression and microRNAs between active (milked) and resting (unmilked) venom glands in an elapid (Eastern Brown Snake, Pseudonaja textilis), in addition to comparative genomics, to identify cis- and trans-acting regulation of venom production in an elapid in comparison to viperids (Crotalus viridis and C. tigris). Results Although there is conservation in high-level mechanistic pathways regulating venom production (unfolded protein response, Notch signaling and cholesterol homeostasis), there are differences in the regulation of histone methylation enzymes, transcription factors, and microRNAs in venom glands from these two snake families. Histone methyltransferases and transcription factor (TF) specificity protein 1 (Sp1) were highly upregulated in the milked elapid venom gland in comparison to the viperids, whereas nuclear factor I (NFI) TFs were upregulated after viperid venom milking. Sp1 and NFI cis-regulatory elements were common to toxin gene promoter regions, but many unique elements were also present between elapid and viperid toxins. The presence of Sp1 binding sites across multiple elapid toxin gene promoter regions that have been experimentally determined to regulate expression, in addition to upregulation of Sp1 after venom milking, suggests this transcription factor is involved in elapid toxin expression. microRNA profiles were distinctive between milked and unmilked venom glands for both snake families, and microRNAs were predicted to target a diversity of toxin transcripts in the elapid P. textilis venom gland, but only snake venom metalloproteinase transcripts in the viperid C. viridis venom gland. These results suggest differences in toxin gene posttranscriptional regulation between the elapid P. textilis and viperid C. viridis. Conclusions Our comparative transcriptomic and genomic analyses between toxin genes and isoforms in elapid and viperid snakes suggests independent toxin regulation between these two snake families, demonstrating multiple different regulatory mechanisms underpin a venomous phenotype

Characterization of a Novel Binding Protein for Fortilin/TCTP — Component of a Defense Mechanism against Viral Infection in Penaeus monodon

The Fortilin (also known as TCTP) in Penaeus monodon (PmFortilin) and Fortilin Binding Protein 1 (FBP1) have recently been shown to interact and to offer protection against the widespread White Spot Syndrome Virus infection. However, the mechanism is yet unknown. We investigated this interaction in detail by a number of in silico and in vitro analyses, including prediction of a binding site between PmFortilin/FBP1 and docking simulations. The basis of the modeling analyses was well-conserved PmFortilin orthologs, containing a Ca2+-binding domain at residues 76–110 representing a section of the helical domain, the translationally controlled tumor protein signature 1 and 2 (TCTP_1, TCTP_2) at residues 45–55 and 123–145, respectively. We found the pairs Cys59 and Cys76 formed a disulfide bond in the C-terminus of FBP1, which is a common structural feature in many exported proteins and the “x–G–K–K” pattern of the amidation site at the end of the C-terminus. This coincided with our previous work, where we found the “x–P–P–x” patterns of an antiviral peptide also to be located in the C-terminus of FBP1. The combined bioinformatics and in vitro results indicate that FBP1 is a transmembrane protein and FBP1 interact with N-terminal region of PmFortilin

Beyond Shielding: The Roles of Glycans in the SARS-CoV‑2 Spike Protein

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in more than 28,000,000 infections and 900,000 deaths worldwide to date. Antibody development efforts mainly revolve around the extensively glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which mediates host cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Similar to many other viral fusion proteins, the SARS-CoV-2 spike utilizes a glycan shield to thwart the host immune response. Here, we built a full-length model of the glycosylated SARS-CoV-2 S protein, both in the open and closed states, augmenting the available structural and biological data. Multiple microsecond-long, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations were used to provide an atomistic perspective on the roles of glycans and on the protein structure and dynamics. We reveal an essential structural role of N-glycans at sites N165 and N234 in modulating the conformational dynamics of the spike’s receptor binding domain (RBD), which is responsible for ACE2 recognition. This finding is corroborated by biolayer interferometry experiments, which show that deletion of these glycans through N165A and N234A mutations significantly reduces binding to ACE2 as a result of the RBD conformational shift toward the “down” state. Additionally, end-to-end accessibility analyses outline a complete overview of the vulnerabilities of the glycan shield of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which may be exploited in the therapeutic efforts targeting this molecular machine. Overall, this work presents hitherto unseen functional and structural insights into the SARS-CoV-2 S protein and its glycan coat, providing a strategy to control the conformational plasticity of the RBD that could be harnessed for vaccine development

Phytoplankton evolution during the creation of a biofloc system for shrimp culture

[EN] Microalgae play a key role in the dynamics of biofloc technology aquaculture systems. Some phytoplankton groups, such as diatoms, are desired for their high nutritional value and contribution to water quality. Other groups, such as cyanobacteria, are undesired because of their low nutritional value and capacity of producing toxins. So, monitoring the phytoplankton community structure and succession is key for managing biofloc systems. However, research on phytoplankton in these systems is scarce and mostly done by microscopy. The primary objective of this research was to estimate phytoplankton community structure in shrimp biofloc system water samples, using high-performance liquid chromatography methods and CHEMTAX software. The major groups present in our system were diatoms, euglenophytes, cyanobacteria and chlorophytes, while dinoflagellates were only remarkable at the initial period. We observed a clear dominance of diatoms all along the 5 months that comprised a complete biofloc system culture. The characteristic succession of autotrophic processes by heterotrophs of the biofloc systems, was observed by the reduction of net primary production. Light intensity played a key role in determining the phytoplankton composition and abundance. Algal pigment analyses using high-performance liquid chromatography and subsequent CHEMTAX analysis in water samples was useful for estimating the phytoplankton community structure in the biofloc systems. However, we found some limitations when the biofloc system was in heterotrophic mode. Under these conditions, some dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria behaved as heterotrophs and lost or decreased their biomarkers pigments. So, further research is needed to increase knowledge on the accuracy of high-performance liquid chromatography /CHEMTAX under these conditions.Financial support for this research was provided by Conselleria d’Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport of the Generalitat Valenciana, through the program VALi+D, fle number ACIF/2014/244. We would like to express our deepest thanks to Professor Luis Henrique da Silva Poersch of FURG (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande) and Ivan Vidal (Langostinos el Real) for his support. Finally, the authors wish to thank Le Gouessant and Michaël Metz for providing the commercial feed.Llario-Sempere, F.; Rodilla, M.; Escrivá-Perales, J.; Falco, S.; Sebastiá-Frasquet, M. (2018). Phytoplankton evolution during the creation of a biofloc system for shrimp culture. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1655-5S112Ahmed A, Kurian S, Gauns M, Chndrasekhararao AV, Mulla A, Naik B, Naik H, Naqvi SWA (2016) Spatial variability in phytoplankton community structure along the eastern Arabian Sea during the onset of south-west monsoon. Cont Shelf Res 119:30–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2016.03.005Avnimelech Y (1999) Carbon/nitrogen ratio as a control element in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 176:227–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00085-XAvnimelech Y (2007) Feeding with microbial flocs by tilapia in minimal discharge bio-flocs technology ponds. Aquaculture 264:140–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.025Avnimelech Y (2009) Biofloc technology. A practical guide book. The World Aquaculture Society, Baton RougeAzim ME, Little DC (2008) The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 283:29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.06.036Ballester ELC, Abreu PC, Cavalli RO, Emerenciano M, de Abreu L, Wasielesky WJ (2010) Effect of practical diets with different protein levels on the performance of Farfantepenaeus paulensis juveniles nursed in a zero exchange suspended microbial flocs intensive system. Aquac Nutr 16:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2009.00648.xBaloi M, Arantes R, Schveitzer R, Magnotti C, Vinatea L (2013) Performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei raised in biofloc systems with varying levels of light exposure. Aquac Eng 52:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2012.07.003Baumgarten MGZ, Wallner-Kersanach M, Niencheski LFH (2010) Manual de análises em oceanografia química. Furg, Rio GrandeBecerra-Dórame MJ, Martínez-Córdova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, Lopez-Elías JA (2011) Evaluation of autotrophic and heterotrophic microcosm- based systems on the production response of Litopenaeus vannamei intensively nursed without Artemia and with zero water exchange. Isr J Aquac Bamidgeh 63:7Brito LO, dos Santos IGS, de Abreu JL, de Araújo MT, Severi W, Gàlvez AO (2016) Effect of the addition of diatoms (Navicula spp.) and rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) on water quality and growth of the Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae reared in a biofloc system. Aquac Res 47:3990–3997. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12849Campa-Córdova AI, Núñez-Vázquez EJ, Luna-González A, Romero-Geraldo MJ, Ascencio F (2009) Superoxide dismutase activity in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei and Nodipecten subnodosus exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 149:317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.006Casé M, Leça EE, Leitão SN, SantAnna EE, Schwamborn R, de Moraes Junior AT (2008) Plankton community as an indicator of water quality in tropical shrimp culture ponds. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1343–1352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.02.008Chen YC (2001) Immobilized microalga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Chlorophyta, Chlorococcales) for long-term storage and for application for water quality control in fish culture. Aquaculture 195:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(00)00540-8Correia ES, Wilkenfeld JS, Morris TC, Wei L, Prangnell DI, Samocha TM (2014) Intensive nursery production of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei using two commercial feeds with high and low protein content in a biofloc-dominated system. Aquac Eng 59:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2014.02.002Duarte CM, Marrasé C, Vaqué D, Estrada M (1990) Counting error and the quantitative analysis of phytoplankton communities. J Plankton Res 12:295–304. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/12.2.295Ebeling J, Timmons M, Bisogni J (2006) Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia–nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture 257:346–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.03.019El-Dahhar AA, Salama M, Elebiary EH (2015) Effect of energy to protein ratio in biofloc technology on water quality, survival and growth of mullet (Mugil cephalus). J Arab Aquac Soc 10:15–32. https://doi.org/10.12816/0026633Emerenciano MGC, Martínez-Córdova LR, Martínez-Porchas M, Miranda-Baeza A (2017) Biofloc technology (BFT): a tool for water quality management. In: Tutu H (ed) water quality. InTech, Rijeka. https://doi.org/10.5772/66416Figueroa F, Niell F, Figueiras F, Villarino M (1998) Diel migration of phytoplankton and spectral light field in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain). Mar Biol 130:491–499Gaona CAP, Poersch LH, Krummenauer D, Foes GK, Wasielesky WJ (2011) The effect of solids removal on water quality, growth and survival of Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc technology culture system. Int J Recirc Aquac. https://doi.org/10.21061/ijra.v12i1.1354Garrido JL, Airs RL, Rodríguez F, Van Heukelem L, Zapata M (2011) New HPLC separation techniques. In: Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G (eds) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy, and applications in oceanography. University Press, Cambridge, pp 165–194Ge H, Li J, Chang Z, Chen P, Shen M, Zhao F (2016) Effect of microalgae with semicontinuous harvesting on water quality and zootechnical performance of white shrimp reared in the zero water exchange system. Aquac Eng 72–73:70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.04.006Godoy LC, Odebrecht C, Ballester E, Martins TG, Wasielesky WJ (2012) Effect of diatom supplementation during the nursery rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a heterotrophic culture system. Aquac Int 20:559–569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-011-9485-1Grasshoff K (1976) Methods of seawater analysis. Verlag Chemie: Weinstei, New YorkGreen BW, Schrader KK, Perschbacher PW (2014) Effect of stocking biomass on solids, phytoplankton communities, common off-flavors, and production parameters in a channel catfish biofloc technology production system. Aquac Res 45:1442–1458. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12096Gris B, Sforza E, Morosinotto T, Bertucco A, La Rocca N (2017) Influence of light and temperature on growth and high-value molecules productivity from Cyanobacterium aponinum. J Appl Phycol 29:1781–1790. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1133-3Higgins HW, Wright SW, Schlüter L (2011) Quantitative interpretation of chemotaxonomic pigment data. In: Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsen G (eds) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy, and applications in oceanography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 257–313Hooker S, Firestone E, Claustre H, Ras J (2001) The first SeaWiFS HPLC analysis round-robin experiment (SeaHARRE-1). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20010072242 . Accessed 19 July 2017Horabun T (1997) Relationships between water quality and phytoplankton in the Bangpakong river. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=TH2000001898 . Accessed 19 July 2017Ismael AA (2003) Succession of heterotrophic and mixotrophic dinoflagellates as well as autotrophic microplankton in the harbour of Alexandria, Egypt. J Plankton Res 25:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/25.2.193Jeffrey SW, Sielicki M, Haxo FT (1975) Chloroplast pigment patterns in dinoflagellates. J Phycol 11:374–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.1975.tb02799.xJeong HJ, Yoo YD, Kim JS, Seong KA, Kang NS, Kim TH (2010) Growth, feeding and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Sci J 45:65–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12601-010-0007-2Jory DE, Cabrera TR, Dugger DM, Fegan D, Lee PG, Lawrence L, Jackson C, Mcintosh R, Castañeda J, International B, Park H, Hwy N, Pierce F (2001) A global review of shrimp feed management: status and perspectives. Aquaculture 318:104–152Ju ZY, Forster I, Conquest L, Dominy W, Kuo WC, Horgen FD (2008) Determination of microbial community structures of shrimp floc cultures by biomarkers and analysis of floc amino acid profiles. Aquac Res 39:118–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2007.01856.xKingston MB (1999) Effect of light on vertical migration and photosynthesis of Euglena proxima (euglenophyta). J Phycol 35:245–253. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3520245.xLatasa M, Scharek R, Vidal M, Vila-Reixach G (2010) Preferences of phytoplankton groups for waters of different trophic status in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 40:27–42. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps08559Li Y, Swift E, Buskey EJ (1996) Photoinhibition of mechanically stimulable bioluminescence in the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Protoperidinium depressum (pyrrophyta). J Phycol 32:974–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00974.xLi A, Stoecker D, Adolf J (1999) Feeding, pigmentation, photosynthesis and growth of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodinium galatheanum. Aquat Microb Ecol 19:163–176. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame019163Lin YC, Chen JC (2001) Acute toxicity of ammonia on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 259:109–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00227-1Lin YC, Chen JC (2003) Acute toxicity of nitrite on Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles at different salinity levels. Aquaculture 224:93–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00220-5Lohscheider JN, Strittmatter M, Küpper H, Adamska I, Heaney S, Cunningham C (2011) Vertical distribution of epibenthic freshwater cyanobacterial Synechococcus spp. Strains depends on their ability for photoprotection. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020134Lukwambe B, Qiuqian L, Wu J, Zhang D, Wang K, Zheng Z (2015) The effects of commercial microbial agents (probiotics) on phytoplankton community structure in intensive white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture ponds. Aquac Int 23:1443–1455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9895-6Mackey MD, Mackey DJ, Higgins HW, Wright SW (1996) CHEMTAX—a program for estimating class abundances from chemical markers: application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 144:265–283Maicá PF, de Borba MR, Wasielesky WJ (2012) Effect of low salinity on microbial floc composition and performance of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles reared in a zero-water-exchange super-intensive system. Aquac Res 43:361–370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02838.xManan H, Moh JHZ, Kasan NA, Suratman S, Ikhwanuddin M (2016) Identification of biofloc microscopic composition as the natural bioremediation in zero water exchange of Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, culture in closed hatchery system. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0421-4Marinho YF, Brito LO, Campos S, Severi W, Andrade HA, Galvez AO (2016) Effect of the addition of Chaetoceros calcitrans, Navicula sp. and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatoms) on phytoplankton composition and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae reared in a biofloc system. Aquac Res 48:4155–4164. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13235Martins TG, Odebrecht C, Jensen LV, D’Oca MG, Wasielesky WJ (2016) The contribution of diatoms to bioflocs lipid content and the performance of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a BFT culture system. Aquac Res 47:1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12592Murphy J, Riley JP (1962) A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal Chim Acta 27:31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-2670(00)88444-5Natrah FMI, Bossier P, Sorgeloos P, Yusoff FM, Defoirdt T (2014) Significance of microalgal-bacterial interactions for aquaculture. Rev Aquac 6:48–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12024Niemi G, Wardrop D, Brooks R, Anderson S, Brady V, Paerl H, Rakocinski C, Brouwer M, Levinson B, McDonald M (2004) Rationale for a new generation of indicators for coastal waters. Environ Health Perspect 112:979–986. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6903Paerl H, Tucker C (1995) Ecology of blue-green algae in aquaculture ponds. J World Aquac 26:109–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1995.tb00235.xPérez-Linares J, Ochoa JL, GagoMartínez A (2008) Effect of PSP toxins in white leg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931. J Food Sci 73:T69–T73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.00710.xPérez-Morales A, Band-Schmidt CJ, Martínez-Díaz SF (2017) Mortality on zoea stage of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophyceae) and Chattonella spp. (Raphidophyceae). Mar Biol 164:57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-017-3083-3Ray AJ, Dillon KS, Lotz JM (2011) Water quality dynamics and shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production in intensive, mesohaline culture systems with two levels of biofloc management. Aquac Eng 45:127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.09.001Schlüter L, Lauridsen T, Krogh G (2006) Identification and quantification of phytoplankton groups in lakes using new pigment ratios–a comparison between pigment analysis by HPLC and microscopy. Freshwater 51:1474–1485. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01582.x/fullSchlüter L, Behl S, Striebel M, Stibor H (2016) Comparing microscopic counts and pigment analyses in 46 phytoplankton communities from lakes of different trophic state. Freshw Biol 61:1627–1639. https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12803Schrader KK, Green BW, Perschbacher PW (2011) Development of phytoplankton communities and common off-flavors in a biofloc technology system used for the culture of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Aquac Eng 45:118–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2011.08.004Sebastiá M, Rodilla M (2013) Nutrient and phytoplankton analysis of a Mediterranean Coastal area. Environ Manage 51:225–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9986-3Sebastiá M, Rodilla M, Sanchis J, Altur V (2012) Influence of nutrient inputs from a wetland dominated by agriculture on the phytoplankton community in a shallow harbour at the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Agric Ecosyst Environ 152:10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.02.006Seoane S, Garmendia M, Revilla M, Borja Á, Franco J, Orive E, Valencia V (2011) Phytoplankton pigments and epifluorescence microscopy as tools for ecological status assessment in coastal and estuarine waters, within the Water Framework. Mar Pollut 62:1484–1497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.04.010Sinden A, Sinang SC (2016) Cyanobacteria in aquaculture systems: linking the occurrence, abundance and toxicity with rising temperatures. Int J Environ Sci Technol 13:2855–2862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1112-2Sospedra J, Niencheski LFH, Falco S, Andrade CF, Attisano KK, Rodilla M (2017) Identifying the main sources of silicate in coastal waters of the Southern Gulf of Valencia (Western Mediterranean Sea). Oceanologia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.07.004Strickland J (1960) Measuring the production of marine phytoplankton. Bull Fish Res Bd Canada 122:172Ter Braak CJF (1994) Canonical community ordination. Part I: basic theory and linear methods. Écoscience 1:127–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.1994.11682237Ter Braak C, Smilauer P (2002) CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user’s guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5). http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/wever/341885 . Accessed 19 July 2017Utermohl M (1985) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitative Phytoplankton-Methodik. Limnologie 9:1–38Van Wyk P, Scarpa J (1999) Water quality requirements and management. In: Institution Harbor Branch Oceanographic (ed) Farming marine shrimp in recirculating freshwater systems. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida, pp 128–138Vinatea L, Gálvez AO, Browdy CL, Stokes A, Venero J, Haveman J, Lewis BL, Lawson A, Shuler A, Leffler JW (2010) Photosynthesis, water respiration and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei in a super-intensive raceway culture with zero water exchange: interaction of water quality variables. Aquac Eng 42:17–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2009.09.001Wright S, Jeffrey S, Mantoura R (1991) Improved HPLC method for the analysis of chlorophylls and carotenoids from marine phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 77:186–196Yu H, Jia S, Dai Y (2009) Growth characteristics of the cyanobacterium Nostoc flagelliforme in photoautotrophic, mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivation. J Appl Phycol 21:127–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9341-5Yusoff FM, Zubaidah MS, Matias HB, Kwan TS (2002) Phytoplankton succession in intensive marine shrimp culture ponds treated with a commercial bacterial product. Aquac Res 33:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2002.00671.