Systemic neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduces breast cancer associated metastasis in arthritic mice by reducing CXCL12/SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches

BACKGROUND: IL-17A is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is normally associated with autoimmune arthritis and other pro-inflammatory conditions. Recently, IL-17A has emerged as a critical factor in enhancing breast cancer (BC)-associated metastases. We generated immune competent arthritic mouse models that develop spontaneous BC-associated bone and lung metastasis. Using these models, we have previously shown that neutralization of IL-17A resulted in significant reduction in metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism/s remains unknown. METHODS: We have utilized two previously published mouse models for this study: 1) the pro-arthritic mouse model (designated SKG) injected with metastatic BC cell line (4T1) in the mammary fat pad, and 2) the PyV MT mice that develop spontaneous mammary gland tumors injected with type II collagen to induce autoimmune arthritis. Mice were treated with anti-IL-17A neutralizing antibody and monitored for metastasis and assessed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with BC-associated metastasis. RESULTS: We first corroborate our previous finding that in vivo neutralization of IL-17A significantly reduced metastasis to the bones and lungs in both models. Next, we report that treatment with anti-IL17A antibody significantly reduced the expression of a key chemokine, CXCL12 (also known as stromal derived factor-1 (SDF - 1)) in the bones and lungs of treated mice. CXCL12 is a ligand for CXCR4 (expressed on BC cells) and their interaction is known to be critical for metastasis. Interestingly, levels of CXCR4 in the tumor remained unchanged with treatment. Consequently, protein lysates derived from the bones and lungs of treated mice were significantly less chemotactic for the BC cells than lysates from untreated mice; and addition of exogenous SDF-1 to the lysates from treated mice completely restored BC cell migration. In addition, cytokines such as IL-6 and M-CSF were significantly reduced in the lung and bone lysates following treatment. The data presented suggests that systemic neutralization of IL-17A can block the CXCR4/SDF-1 signaling pathway by reducing the expression of SDF-1 in the metastatic niches and significantly reducing metastasis in both mouse models. CONCLUSION: In our model, neutralization of IL-17A regulates SDF-1 expression in the metastatic niches either directly or indirectly via reducing levels of IL-6 and M-CSF

Modelling the Dynamics of an Aedes albopictus Population

We present a methodology for modelling population dynamics with formal means of computer science. This allows unambiguous description of systems and application of analysis tools such as simulators and model checkers. In particular, the dynamics of a population of Aedes albopictus (a species of mosquito) and its modelling with the Stochastic Calculus of Looping Sequences (Stochastic CLS) are considered. The use of Stochastic CLS to model population dynamics requires an extension which allows environmental events (such as changes in the temperature and rainfalls) to be taken into account. A simulator for the constructed model is developed via translation into the specification language Maude, and used to compare the dynamics obtained from the model with real data.Comment: In Proceedings AMCA-POP 2010, arXiv:1008.314

IgA y plaquetas como moduladores del fenómeno apoptótico en granulocitos neutrófilos y eosinófilos

En la presente Tesis desarrollamos dos líneas de investigación, relacionadas ambas con la identificación y caracterización de factores propios al microambiente inflamatorio capaces de modular la apoptosis de granulocitos neutrófilos y eosinófilos. En relación a los neutrófilos hemos demostrado que Ia IgA inmovilizada, tanto plasmática como secretoria, promueve notoriamente el proceso apoptótico. En contraste, las formas solubles de la IgA plasmática y secretoria, como así también la IgA agregada soluble no mostró actividad modulatoria alguna. El mecanismo subyacente a la capacidad de la IgA inmovilizada de promover la apoptosis del neutrófilo mostró depender de la actividad de la molécula MAC-1 (CD11b/CD18) y de la activación del estallido respiratorio. Por el contrario, no involucró la actividad del sistema Fas/FasL. En relación a los eosinófilos hemos demostrado que las plaquetas ejercen un poderoso efecto preventivo sobre el proceso apoptótico, prolongando dramáticamente la sobrevida celular. Hemos demostrado que las plaquetas producen GM-CSF y que esta citoquina juega un papel central en la prevención de la apoptosis de eosinófilos mediada por plaquetas. La posible relevancia de las observaciones realizadas, en relación al curso y/o etiopatogenia de entidades patológicas tales como la nefropatía por IgA y el fenómeno alérgico es discutida en la presente Tesis.In the current Thesis we develop two lines of investigation, both related with the identification and characterization of the own factors from inflammatory microenviroments able to modulate the apoptotic rate of neutrophilic and eosinophilic granulocytes. We found that culture of neutrophils on immobilized plasma IgA (ilgAp) or secretory IgA (iIgAs) induced a marked increase in apoptotic rates. By contrast, soluble IgAp, IgAs, or aggregated-plasma lgA (algAp) exerted no effect. Promotion of apoptosis by iIgA was almost completely prevented by blocking antibodies directed to either CD18 or CD11b, and showed to be dependent on the activation of the respiratory burst. We also report here that platelets delay apoptosis enhancing eosinophil survival. A marked inhibition of spontaneous apoptosis was observed using eosinophil:platelet ratios of 1:50, 1:25 and 1:10. Moreover, we found that promotion of apoptosis by either pronase or dexamethasone was also markedly inhibited when the cellular cultures were performed in the presence of platelets. The anti-apoptotic effect mediated by platelets was depended on the release of soluble products, and was markedly inhibited by neutralizing antibodies directed to GM-CSF. Studies performed by flow cytometry, directed to analyze the cellular source of this cytokine, demonstrated that intracellular GM-CSF is present in resting platelets. Moreover, GM-CSF was found in platelet supernatants, at concentrations able to prevent eosinophil apoptosis. The possible significance of our findings, in relation to the development of pathologic entities such as lgA nephropathy and the allergic phenomenon are discussed in the current Thesis.Fil:Schettini, Jorge L.. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina