Improving the Behaviour of Green Concrete Geopolymers Using Different HEMP Preservation Conditions (Fresh and Wet)

This paper evaluates a type of geopolymer concrete that uses hemp fibres as a natural aggregate due to the various advantages offered by these woody materials. These advantages include ease of cultivation and processing and their use in the essential structure of concretes used for green construction purposes. The sampling study was prepared using an environmentally friendly inorganic binder, based on geopolymerization reactions (Si-Na). The improvement in the hemp aggregate using two different preservation methods (fresh and wet) was assessed. The type of conservation enables anaerobic reactions to take place in the structure of the hemp, in such a way as to modify the proportions of the organic compounds contained in the hemp and the morphology of the fibres. It also encourages the proliferation of cellulose nanofibrils (CNC), which enhance the mechanical results, improving plasticity and thixotropy. The hempcrete studied in this paper could be a good alternative material for sustainable, environmentally friendly construction, as much less CO2 is emitted during the production process in comparison with conventional concrete. Using wet-preserved hemp means that less water must be added to the mix during preparation of the concrete. This also helps reduce production costs, and by extension, the cost of the final product.REMINE Project Programme for Researchand Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, Horizon 2020, WARMEST Project Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017RRRMaker project Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff ExchangeNational Plan for Scientific Research, Development, Technological Innovation (Ministry of Science and Technology) MAT2016-75889-RScientific Unit of excellence "Ciencia en la Alhambra",University of Granada UCE-PP2018-01 Junta de Andalucia RNM 0179 HUM62

Visión histórica y técnica de los motivos humanos en la escultura en vidrio

Although glass proto-sculptures were made with deep artistic value since the most remote times, in the late 19th century the glass sculpture was developed, and during the 20th century the Studio Glass Movement reached the maximum level of technical perfection and aesthetic variety. The scientific and technical glass knowledge contributed to achieve appropriate hot and cold working procedures, and the artists improved their designs and creations. This paper focuses on the binomial glass sculpture and human motifs. The historic evolution of the glass sculpture with human motifs is analyzed, taking into account the production techniques and the relationships between the glass work and the expression of the finished artwork. A set of sculptures and sculptors are shown as representative examples of the main historical periods in which the glass plays an important role in the sculpture scene. The human representation in the glass sculpture can be considered as a constant throughout centuries, even though it is not the most frequent creative or ornamental motif. Either figurative or abstract human references can be found, although the former are the majority. This tendency is also present in the contemporary Studio Glass Movement sculptures.Aunque las protoesculturas en vidrio se realizaron con profundo valor artístico desde los tiempos más remotos, a finales del s. XIX la escultura en vidrio se desarrolló, y en el s. XX el Studio Glass Movement alcanzó la máxima perfección técnica y variedad estética. El conocimiento científico y técnico del vidrio contribuyó a conseguir procedimientos apropiados para el trabajo en caliente y en frío, y los artistas mejoraron sus diseños y creaciones. Este artículo se centra en el binomio escultura en vidrio y motivos humanos. Se analiza la evolución histórica de la escultura en vidrio con dichos motivos, teniendo en cuenta las técnicas de producción y las relaciones entre el trabajo del vidrio y la expresión de la obra acabada. Se recogen ejemplos representativos de esculturas y escultores de los principales periodos en los que el vidrio desempeñó un papel importante en la escultura. La representación humana en la escultura en vidrio se puede considerar una constante en el tiempo, si bien no es el motivo creativo u ornamental más frecuente. Se pueden encontrar referencias a lo humano tanto figurativas como abstractas, siendo las figurativas mayoría, lo mismo que en las esculturas del Studio Glass Movement.Project "History of the glass sculpture and its conservation as historic heritage" (CSIC, Spain) PIE 201310E081Program "TOP Heritage: Technologies in Heritage Sciences", Regional Government of Madrid S2018/NMT-437

Study and Characterization of Special Gypsum-Based Pastes for Their Use as a Replacement Material in Architectural Restoration and Construction

Within the construction sector, the use of gypsum-based pastes features in the majority of monuments, giving this material significant relevance in conservation and restoration projects affecting the world’s cultural heritage. In this research, we evaluated special gypsum-based colored pastes mixed with air lime, hydraulic lime and sodium silicate, and eight different pigments for their use as replacement materials in architectural restoration and construction. We analyzed the suitability of their physical and chemical properties and their hydric characteristics, mechanics and colorimetric implications in two different studies after 28 days and 120 days. The characterization of the products has mainly confirmed the suitability of the pastes containing pigments for use in the most common applications for these kinds of mixes, highlighting that their specific capacities are worth leveraging. The crystallization of gypsum minerals, observed in all of the mixes, helps to consolidate the shrinkage cracks which appear inside the pastes, improving their mechanical strength values. Another observation of the pastes is related to the amorphous silica precipitates in the mixes which contained sodium silicate: the latter provided to them good mechanical behavior. The improvement observed in the pastes containing the green earth pigment is substantial, due to the inclusion of aluminum silicates and Mg, which is partly responsible for the increased compressive strength of the pastes. Finally, the colorimetric analysis is of vital importance in determining the loss of intensity of the colors of the pastes used, since subjective observation leads to serious errors of interpretation.REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions WARMEST H2020-MSCA-RISE-2020 (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange)Junta de Andalucia RNM 0179 HUM 62

Characterization and chromatic evaluation of gypsum-based pastes for construction and heritage restoration

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and efforts towards improving our manuscript.This work was supported by the REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions and RRRMAKER H2020-MSCA-RISE-2020 (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff Exchange and was carried out under the auspices of Research Groups RNM 0179 and HUM 629 of the Junta de Andalucia. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada/CBUAThis research evaluates the chromatic behavior of gypsum-based pastes containing added pigments which enable their use in both new construction projects as well as in restoration interventions for built heritage. Furthermore, the impact of adding pigments to the aforementioned material after twenty-eight and ninety days has also been studied. This was confirmed by carrying out compositional, mineralogical and physical studies of the raw materials and the pastes. The results indicate that all of the pastes studied have suitable mechanical strength values for the type of pastes studied, thereby confirming their suitability for on-site use based on their characteristics and behavior. Colorimetric analysis showed color variations that were clearly perceptible to the human eye, related to increases in luminosity which significantly exceeded 100%, and also to saturation losses featuring percentage variations of more than 100% on assessment after ninety days. This colorimetric analysis by means of quantitative spectrophotometry is of vital importance when determining the loss of color intensity of the pastes used, since subjective observation results in serious errors of interpretation. This type of study reflects the use of instrumental color measurements for this type of materials and mixtures.REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie ActionsRRRMAKER H2020-MSCA-RISE-2020 (Marie Sklodowska-Curie Research and Innovation Staff ExchangeJunta de Andalucia RNM 0179 HUM 629Universidad de Granada/CBU

Piedra artificial porosa a partir de residuos de rocas ornamentales adaptable a obras de construcción y restauración patrimonial

The technique of volumetric reintegration in severely deteriorated stone materials is of major importance for the restoration of architectural heritage. In using mortars for restoration it is important to control aspects such as the colour and textural similarity in relation to the adjacent stone, minor or equal strength and equal or greater porosity/permeability with respect to the original stone. This latter aspect is of particular complexity because the percentage distribution of pore-size ranges should not differ from that of the original stone material. The invention patent (with numbers of publication ES2187245 A1 and B1 16. 06. 2004), owned by the University of Granada, allows the production of excellent porous stones for decorative work in construction and mortar for restoration of stone materials with controlled porosity. Both materials consist of ornamental rock waste, so that a particular recycling purpose is given to this type of material which is difficult to reuse. In this paper we present the manufacturing process of these artificial stones and porous mortars with decorative and restorative purposes, from the controlled mixture of aggregates of ornamental rocks, organic and inorganic binders and generators of porosity. Once the curing and hardening has been done it is worth noting that one of the most important aspects of the product is the generation of a complex connected porous system as a result of the incorporation of crushed expanded polystyrene, which is activated after hardening through the application of organic solvents.Grupo de Investigación: MATERIALES AVANZADOS PARA APLICACIONES TECNICAS Y ARTISTICAS Y SU CONSERVACION-RESTAURACION (Cod.: HUM629) y Research Group RNM302 Petrogenesis and lithospheric processe

Evaluation of the penetration of restoration materials in stone: a new method

Se utilizan las medidas del ángulo de contacto agua-piedra sobre la superficie de secciones de probetas de biocalcarenita, para evaluar la penetrabilidad de productos de restauración orgánicos y silicoorgánicos en esta roca. El método se revela como eficaz y preciso, permitiendo discriminar la profundidad de la zona con características hidrófugas de aquélla exclusivamente consolidada.We have used the measurements of the water-stone contact angle on the surface of sections of biocalcarenite samples to evaluate the penetration of organic and silico-organic restoration products in this rock. The method has been found to be effective and precise, allowing us to distinguish the depth of the zone with water-repellent characteristics from that with merely a consolidating effect.La realización de este trabajo ha contado con la financiación del Grupo de Investigación RNM-0179 de la Junta de Andalucía

Potential for reuse of tungsten mining waste-rock in technical-artistic value added products

Mining and quarrying activities in Europe generate approximately 55% of total industrial wastes, according to a recent Eurostat report. Most of these wastes are directly dumped on land or deposited in landfill sites. The first solution may lead to negative environmental impacts on land (removal of vegetation, deforestation, land slope changes and increased risk of erosion), water (pollutant transport through surface runoff, soil infiltration and contamination of water resources), may lead to the contamination of agricultural goods and may impose risks on human health. In Portugal, about 20% of industrial waste produced originates from mines and quarries, particularly from Panasqueira mining, one of the largest tungsten mines in the world. Currently, Panasqueira mining generates almost 100 tonnes of waste-rock, per day. Such waste-rock have accumulated over a number of years into very large heaps and it is desirable to seek new economic solutions that can contribute towards their reuse. In this context, this work discusses the potential for reuse of waste-rock piles of Panasqueira tungsten mine, which may be a case statement to be followed. The proposed solution described in this paper consists in developing innovative polymer-based composite materials, obtained from non-contaminated waste-rock tailings. Such materials must have suitable properties for technical-artistic value added applications, such as conservation, restoration and/or rehabilitation of historic monuments, sculptures, decorative and architectural intervention, or simply as materials for building revetments.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudio de materiales de construcción vernáculos empleados en el patrimonio cultural: guía para la restauración arquitectónica del Colegio Máximo de Cartuja. Granada-España (siglo XIX)

This work was supported by Research Project MAT2016-75889-R, 2017-2019 (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness); Research Groups HUM 629 and RNM 0179 of the Junta de Andalucia; TOP-Heritage Programme (Madrid Regional Government, ref. P2018/NMT-4372); REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, and WARMEST Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017; Scientific Unit of excellence "Ciencia en la Alhambra", ref. UCE-PP2018-01, University of Granada. The professional support of the Spanish Network TechnoHeritage (Red de Ciencia y Tecnologia para la Conservacion del Patrimonio) is also acknowledged.Colegio Maximo de Cartuja in Granada (Spain) was built by the Jesuits in 19th century. Using an archaeometric study of the building materials: bricks, glazed tiles, stained glass windows and lime-gypsum mortars (mortar masonry and concrete masonry), the vernacular concept of this construction was established within the geological framework of the “Alhambra formation”, and raw materials and techniques first used by the Nasrids in the 13th century have been identified. The results of XRD, XRF and DTA analyzes indicate the use of local clays in the manufacture of bricks and tiles fired at temperatures of ≤750 ºC. The clays contained NaCl additives, which improved the ceramic sintering, and traditional Nasrid colours (Cu, Fe, Sn) were used in the glazes and stained glass windows. Local raw materials were also used for air binders. These results have been combined to create a good-practice guide for the sustainable restoration of cultural heritage buildings.El Colegio Máximo de Cartuja en Granada fue construido por los jesuitas en el siglo XIX. El estudio arqueométrico de sus materiales: ladrillos, azulejos, vidrieras y morteros, define el concepto vernáculo de esta construcción, referenciada en el marco geológico de la “formación Alhambra”, junto a la identificación de materias primas y técnicas utilizadas por los nazaríes desde el siglo XIII. Los resultados de XRD, XRF y DTA confirman el uso de arcillas locales para fabricación de ladrillos y losetas que se hornearon a temperaturas de ≤750 ºC. Las arcillas debieron contener aditivos de NaCl que beneficiaron la sinterización cerámica, y se comprobó el uso de colores de tradición nazarí (Cu, Fe, Sn) en los esmaltes y vidrieras. Las materias primas locales también se usaron para producir aglomerantes aéreos. Estos resultados se han combinado para crear una guía de buenas prácticas para la restauración sostenible de los edificios del patrimonio cultural.Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness MAT2016-75889-RJunta de Andalucia HUM 629 RNM 0179TOP-Heritage Programme (Madrid Regional Government) P2018/NMT-4372REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie ActionsWARMEST Research and Innovation Staff Exchange (RISE) H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017Scientific Unit of excellence "Ciencia en la Alhambra", University of Granada UCE-PP2018-0

Comparative Analysis of Thermal Behavior in Different Seasons in Building Heritage: Case Study of the Royal Hospital of Granada

The present investigation carries out a thermal evaluation of two rooms located in the Royal Hospital of Granada (Rector’s Office). This is a heritage building where have been done studies that allow the as-sessment of possible improvements in future interventions that guarantee improvement in en-ergy and regulatory compliance are decisive. This article presents for the first time, through energy simulation, the behavior of two rooms in two temporal periods, thermally extreme (summer and winter) and with opposite orientations. This has allowed the potential benefits to be considered in real climate conditions. The results demonstrate and quantify that considering the location, orientation, arrangement of openings, and inclusion of transition zones between the exterior and the interior, an improvement in thermal comfort is obtained. The southwesterly orientation is favorable in the winter period and the northeasterly orientation in the summer period. It is also confirmed that the arrangement of thick masonry walls responds adequately in climates with high thermal amplitudes, favoring the mitigation of extreme conditions. It is concluded by stating that the orientation and the construction components are the main responsible factors for the thermal capacity in this type of building. In this context, the use of non-destructive study methods offers valuable scientific support through the results obtained.University of Granada and the Vicerrectorado de Investi- gación y Transferencia, with the project PP2022.PP.2

Synthetic white pigments (white titanium and white zinc) in different binding media. Influence of environmental agents DRAFT

Draft final antes de publicacion en Construction and Building Materials Volume 114, 1 July 2016, Pages 151-161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.140 no open accesThis work concerns the behaviour of white pigments of white titanium and white zinc in different media both of natural and synthetic binders. In addition, a study was made of the impact that time, high-energy UV radiation, heating by infrared radiation, or saturation processes of relative humidity exert on stability and chromaticity of the samples. The composition of pigments and binders as well as the time course of their samples were studied by X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, electron microscopy, and instrumental colour measurement. The effect of the aging, UV, and infrared exposure together with moisture saturation were found to result in losses in elasticity and cracking of the film generated by the binder, the latter two factors causing the most severe losses. The greatest variations were detected in the colorimetric study, reflecting the utility of instrumental colour measurements for these types of studies. The chromatic variations detected consist fundamentally of loss in luminosity (DL) and chroma (DC) as well as a slight yellowing tendency. In general, the samples based on natural binders were more affected that those based on synthetic products.The research presented in this paper is part of Project MAT 2002-03227 of the National Plan for Scientific Research, Development and Technological Innovation (Ministry of Science and Technology) and was carried out under the auspices of Research Groups RNM 0179 and HUM 629 of the Junta de Andalucía and REMINE Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions